Rating Systems for Films Essay

Movies have been around since the 1890’s for entertainment, artistic brilliance, enlightenment and historical record. During that time period parents would take their children to the movies they thought were rated PG but found content in the films to adult for their children’s eyes and were outraged. Then later on different religious groups started protesting cinemas due to their explicit content full of sex and violence. So avoid censorship picture producers had to form their own rating guidelines. Motion Picture Producers and Distributors Association of America In the early 1920’s filmmakers began to realize that the clean movies they were producing no longer interested America so they began adding more sex and violence into their movies. In 1922, the presidents from major motion picture studios which were Samuel Goldwyn, Louis B. Mayer, Jesse Lasky and Joseph Schenck made the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors Association of America to stop censorship from the government, rating and safeguarding the movies that were made. The portrayal of sex and violence in cinema began to threaten the morality in America, in the 1930’s Motion Picture Producers and Distributors Association of America made a strict set of guidelines called the Production Code, which followed movie content for two decades (Doherty). â€Å"The Production Code stayed in place and was reasonably effective for the next 30 years or so until it was replaced by the rating system we have today†. (Censorship in Hollywood) Moviemakers had to tailor their films to fit the requirements of the production code or have their movie banned from being played. Since the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors Association of America wanted to self-censor all movies that were made, they had to submit all movies made for approval before they were distributed. In 1945, the creator of The Production Code, William hays was succeeded from the role of president by Eric Johnson. During Johnson Presidency he â€Å"added to his mission the promotion of American films, which were gaining in popularity overseas in the post-World War II era.†(MPPA) Later Johnsons changed the organization to â€Å"The Motion Picture Association of America.† Then when Johnson died the MPPA’s presidency was empty for about three years. In the late 1960’s cinema  started to change. New types of filmmaking and filmmakers from different countries started to take place in America. Since America started expanding the society’s freedom and the way of life, the MPPA’s strict self-regulation censorship wouldn’t last. In 1966, Jack Valenti was named MPAA President and many revisions were made to the Hays Code since America was changing social mores. Jack Valenti â€Å"founded the voluntary film rating system giving creative and artistic freedoms to filmmakers while fulfilling its core purpose of informing parents about the content of films so they can determine what movies are appropriate for their kids.†(MPPA) Now the MPPA gets the help of multiple parents to see which content fits in each category. What each rating means Each movie is rated and put into one of the five different categories depending on what content is being portrayed in each different film. Films are even sometimes labeled under the â€Å"Not yet Rated† category because the MPPA has yet to rate the film. â€Å"G- General Audiences. All Ages Admitted† means it contains no type of language, nudity, sex, violence or anything that would offend parents of young children. â€Å"PG — Parental Guidance Suggested. Some Material May Not Be Suitable for Children.† Means that it should be looked over and approved by parents before letting their children attend. There may be some content with brief profanity, violence and or nudity. There’s no drug use and minimal themes call for parent supervision. â€Å"PG-13 — Parents Strongly Cautioned. Some Material May Be Inappropriate For Children Under 13.† Means parents should determine whether or not their children under 13 should view this movie. There may be violence but not realistic. Minimal language and drug use and there may be brief nudity but nothing sexual. â€Å"A PG-13 motion picture may go beyond the PG rating in theme, violence, nudity, sensuality, language, adult activities or other elements, but does not reach the restricted R category†(MPPA) â€Å"R — Restricted. Children Under 17 Require Accompanying Parent or Adult Guardian.† Means it may include adult themes, language, intense violence, sexually-oriented nudity, drug abuse and other graphic content. Children under than 17 not allowed and parents are advised not to bring their children. â€Å"NC-17 — No One 17 and Under Admitted.† Means no one under 17 admitted. Parents consider this movie to adult like. The content is only  appropriate for adult audience. Studies from Harvard University of health show that the MPPA allows more violent and explicit content then they have before, saying that â€Å"movie raters have grown more lenient in their standards.† (Waxman) The study shows that MPPA ratings have vague and confusing descriptions on what content is actually showing. Some of the ratings depending on content still haven’t changed â€Å"a movie rated PG or PG-13 today has more sexual or violent content than a similarly rated movie in the past.† (Waxman) Movie ratings changed depending on what society views as acceptable content in each rating. For example, â€Å"Disney’s 1994 movie †The Santa Clause† was rated PG, while the 2002 sequel, †The Santa Clause 2,† which had comparable content, was rated G. (Waxman) Rich Taylor, a spokesman from the MPPA says that â€Å"the standards for judging acceptable depictions of sex and violence in American society were constantly changing, and that it would not be surprising if that changed for movie ratings as well.†(Waxman) Overall the rating system was made to avoid censorship from the government and for the MPPA to have freedom to rate their movies. If it wasn’t for the outraged parents and all the protesting against cinema the rating system might not have been the same. Though the current rating system today allows more sex and violence into PG and PG-13 movies it’s only based on the judging system from society. â€Å"Motion Pictures and Their Impact on Society in the Year 2001.† MIDCONTINENT PERSPECTIVES: Midwest Research Institute Kansas City, Missouri. April 25, 1978. Web. December 9th 2012 The Numbers Guy. â€Å"Let’s Rate the Ranking Systems of Film Reviews† Wall Street Journal. January (2009) Web. December 9th 2012 Tickle, Jennifer, etal. â€Å"Tobacco, Alcohol, and Other Risk Behaviors in Film: How Well Do MPAA Ratings Distinguish Content?† December, 1 2011. Web. December 10th 2012 Waxman, Sharon. â€Å"Study Finds Film Ratings Are Growing More Lenient† NY Times. Web July 14th 2004 December 9th 2012 Wilson, Barbara J. â€Å"What’s Wrong with the Ratings† 2002. Web. December 13th 2012

The Popularity of Financial Ratios in Multivariate Modeling Essay

The Popularity of Financial Ratios in Multivariate Modeling - Essay Example In six years’ time, it has a higher positive cash flow level of  £105 as compared to the Beta of  £83.   The ARR for Alpha is higher than that for Beta at 29.4% while that of Beta is at 1.6%. This is an indication of the viability of the project to perform as expected when acquired. As such the business assets for Alpha are increasing at a higher rate than for the Beta. The rate of ARR for Alpha is an indication of the expected rates of return on the value of the assets for is higher (Robb & Robinson, 2012). The NPV of Alpha is also higher than that of Beta. It indicates that project Alpha will increase the shareholder’s equity more than project Beta. For all these reasons, it is advisable that NENE should choose project Alpha.   Internal Rate of Return is the method that gives the investors an easy way of estimating the quantity or rate of return that an investment is expected to offer. This is usually the discount rate in which the Net Present Value of the expected cash flows is equal to zero. The method can be calculated through a trial and error method, where the discount rate will be varied until we find where the NPV = 0 (Balmer, 2001). Through a general rule, the IRR with an NPV which is greater than zero is usually preferred. This method also advises that all the IRRs with values higher than the opportunity cost of capital of the project should always be accepted.   While using this method, one is able to estimate the return on the initial invested amount. The method is also easy to use as its calculations are not very complex. The method also provides a clear and easy way of comparing the projects to come up with the most preferred.   

OB Clinical Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

OB Clinical Assignment - Essay Example If there are one or two missed periods, then this can suggest pregnancy. Morning sickness is another presumptive sign of pregnancy. Although this is referred to as morning sickness, this is really a misnomer, as the nausea that is associated with early pregnancy can occur anytime during the day. The variations that a woman might have is that certain foods might taste differently than before, and certain odors might also cause nausea. The nausea that is associated with pregnancy often occurs beginning in the sixth week after the first day of the last menstrual period and this nausea may last for 6 to 12 weeks, often ending at the beginning of the second trimester. Some women may still experience nausea and vomiting after this time frame, but this is not usual. Other signs of early pregnancy include excessive fatigue, which may begin a few weeks after the first day of the last menstrual period, and this excessive fatigue may last throughout the first trimester. Urinary frequency is ano ther sign of early pregnancy, in the first trimester. This is because the uterus is enlarging, which puts pressure on the bladder. The urinary frequency often disappears after the first trimester, as the uterus rises higher in the abdomen, then returns towards the end of pregnancy, as the uterus once again puts pressure on the bladder. ... Another presumptive pregnancy sign is quickening, which is fetal movement. This might be a fluttering in the abdomen that increases in duration and frequency. This starts occurring around the 16th week, so this is really a presumptive sign that is a second trimester sign. The movement eventually become distinctly fetal movements, as the woman first starts feeling movements that do not necessarily mean pregnancy, progressing to movements that definitely do mean pregnancy - such as the baby kicking and turning. Another sign of early pregnancy is libido changes – this might mean that the woman either wants to have more sex, or doesn’t want to have as much sex as she did before she became pregnant. A woman might also experience strange cravings – the old cliche is that a woman might suddenly crave pickles and ice cream together, but the cravings can be something more subtle. Perhaps she suddenly craves oysters, where she didn’t like oysters before. She might e xperience colostrum from the breasts, which is discharge. Her abdomen might become enlarged. Montgomery’s tubercules is another sign – these are the tiny bumps which are on a woman’s aureolas, that become more pronounced during pregnancy. Braxton Hicks contractions are another possible sign of pregnancy - around six weeks of pregnancy, the uterus starts to contract periodically, although this is almost imperceptible to most women. Probable Signs of Pregnancy Probable signs are more diagnostic of pregnancy than are the presumptive signs, although even these signs are not definitive, in that these signs can occur without the woman being pregnant. One of the signs is that the vagina and the uterus change. The cervix becomes softer. There is also a dark violet coloration of the vagina, vulva and the

Testing and analyzing the windows of airbus airplanes and why it does Research Paper

Testing and analyzing the windows of airbus airplanes and why it does not affect by the high voltage lighting in the sky - Research Paper Example Therefore, while designing and developing plane preventive measures are taken to cope with such unpleasant situations before time. High voltage lightning within the atmosphere(Naidu and Kamaraju); negatively affect the planes and birds during flight. Below is the exhaustive list of dangers suspected as a result of high voltage lightning. Lightning strokes result in the production of immense heat energy and high intensity magnetic forces. This heat energy is directly produced at the surface of the body which is in contact with the lightning strike. The extent of this generated is too high to vaporize the sap of a tree if it travels across it. This vaporization would result in the generation of immense steam which may result in the bursting of the tree trunk. If this steam is allowed to pass through soil, it may cause plasma channels to melt down forming fulgurites. Any sort of contact with humans or other loving things may even result in spontaneous deaths. Therefore, while designing sophisticated systems, lightning protection systems needs to be introduced in order to keep the system protected in unpleasant situations as well. Lightning is always accompanied by a thunder sound. This is not only a sound we hear but it is actually a very dangerous compression wave which is high in intensity as well as speed and can badly affect anything during its flight. Chemistry of thunder is that the electrostatic discharge produces lightning which is having high temperatures that heats the air and converts it to plasma. This process takes place along the discharge channel. Production of plasma raises the pressure within the cloud area resulting in sudden expansion of molecules outwards the area. This expansion is accompanied by the production of shockwave with immense energy. This energy can really affect the flight of the plane flying through the cloudy area. Lightning is one of the most common source of natural disaster and fatalities after flood and each year

Manufacturing Budget Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Manufacturing Budget Analysis - Assignment Example According to Emory, the augmenting amount of orders increased the time needed for adjustment and setting up of machines as well. The escalating stress in terms of orders and machine adjustments eventually began to irritate the machinists who planned not to abide by the budget. Therefore, the company must pay more focus on the mentioned procedure and its related steps because it influenced company’s budget as well as product quality (Scribd Inc, 2012). It was also learnt from the case study that the various departments of the company lacked coordination which adversely affected the confidence of the employees’ as well as the functioning of the machines. Although, BCS attempts at keeping a control of the individual departments which is considered to prove advantageous for the companies but the kind of BCS pursued in Ferguson & Son Manufacturing Company further degenerated their functioning process (Scribd Inc, 2012). Revising Ferguson & Son Manufacturing Company’s BCS to improve its effectiveness According to company’s situation, it can be said that viable targets were considered to be the chief concern for structuring an effective budget system. With reference to the mentioned context, it can be stated that in case the budget proved to be excessively high, the general process tends to automatically get affected. The company therefore must be pragmatic while ascertaining manufacturing related goals. Company also must analyze the condition of their employees, the working state in relation to the machines, sales synchronization within the members of other department as well as orders for deciding on the necessary targets (Scribd Inc, 2012). In addition, the aspect of responsibility accounting is deemed to be necessary for ensuring the execution of an appropriate BCS. The key notion with regard to the mentioned aspect of responsibility accounting relates to the fact that managers should be made accountable for only those factors which is believed to be under significant control of the managers. Emory and Morris are the two managers of the company who holds unclear vision about their duties and disconnection within their duties result in making the entire job to be increasingly unproductive along with generating soaring amount of wastes. Thus, ensuring a proper practice of responsibility accounting with regard to the entire procedure can assist in direct and alert the managers regarding their respective responsibilities along with ensuring proper discharge of their duties (Scribd Inc, 2012). The company also needed to apply the system of self-imposed budget in order to prevent the issue of ascertaining one-sided aims by the top as well as department managers. The concept of self-imposed budget ensures the preparation of budgets with complete collaboration and assistance of all the managers. The benefit of this budget system can aid the company to resolve few of its issues by triggering motivation and developing commi tment within the employees (Scribd Inc, 2012). Implementing Activity-Based Costing system to change the results of the budget Activity-Based Costing (ABC) is a costing technique that recognizes organizational activities and allocates the cost for each activity in compliance with the available resources of all services and products according to each of their actual expenditure. ABC is an advanced approach that enhances the control of overheads along with maintaining the

An Unmanageable Case-Management Quandary Case Study

An Unmanageable -Management Quandary - Case Study Example In addition to that, there will be a look at the advantages and disadvantages of individual and master calendar systems with regard to issues in the criminal division. Thereafter a recommendations with regard to this courts statistical report. Case management approach constitutes of two systems namely individual and Master calendar system. In individual calendar system a filed case is dealt with by one judge to full completion. The advantage in regard to this is that cases are heard fully, there are no interferences from other forces such as other judges and any other potential rivalries. This enhances speedy delivery of final judgment but, it rather limits the judgment since other different perspectives and opinions are not in play. On the contrary, the master calendar system seems to be much effective according to Chung (2011). It allows different views into play and thus not limiting the judgment. It is disadvantaged in that it delays decisions on cases as the other judges who come into play differ in decisions, philosophies and fear contradicting earlier judgment made by judges thereon. This slows down decisions on cases as they deliberate more on the diverse issues raised. Criminal division is a rotation of judges between criminal and civic law system. This has far implications in regard to its advantages and disadvantages associated with it. One of the merits is that it relieves burn-outs of judges due to emotional intensity cases and facilitates ease from workloads. On the other it’s quite limiting in cases where final verdict on a case was not reached. This leads to prolonging of the case as newest judge has to familiarize with the case before determining its verdict. Therefore, it leads to delay of judgment upon the prevalent case and many cases are left pending. Juvenile division refers to the courts put in place in correction of the minors in the society as Sutton (1985) elaborates. For instance, judges deployed

Paranoid Personality Disorder Essay Example for Free

Paranoid Personality Disorder Essay Joe Fuller I. Introduction and Identifying Information Intelligence of a person somehow defines him/her. Through intelligence, a person will know his capacities and abilities and where he is good at. It boosts someone’s self- esteem and improves the confidence he had in himself. If you’re intelligent, you can possibly do and deal with anything especially if you have a very brilliant mind. An intelligent person knows how to deal with people and accept their mistakes and imperfections. Intelligence adds confidence but overconfidence that leads to mistrust and hostility is another issue. Intelligence must also be balanced with the emotional quotient which everyone must work hard for. Such is not the case at hand. The patient is a male whose name is Joe. He lived in a lower middle- class neighborhood in a large, northeastern city. His father is a steamfitter and his mother is a home maker. He had 2 older brothers and a younger sister. When Joe was 11 years old, his grandmother started living with them. His grandmother is already invalid and is not already capable to take care of herself after Joe’s grandfather died. Joe was exceptionally bright student. Yet, he had several chaotic relationships with his family, friends and other people around him. Later on, he developed anxiety and panic attacks that made him consult to a doctor. Then the doctor referred him to go to a psychiatrist. II. Background Information History and Course of the Present Problem The patient is described to be exceptionally bright and overconfident. He was admitted to a prestigious high school and college. He was an â€Å"A† student and often made jokes about people who â€Å"couldn’t make the grade. † Whenever a teacher made a mistake in class, Joe was always the first to laugh and make a side comment. He avoided group activities and issues with relationships. He couldn’t trust everyone and he was very suspicious. He liked to work alone over his projects because he always thought that people will steal his ideas. Joe would always think that he was the best and nobody could compete with him. The patient had argued with a teacher about a grade and after that he heard one of his classmates say, â€Å"I don’t know why some people have to work so hard for everything†. Joe took this comment as an insult to his family so Joe decided to get revenge. So while this student is attending a basketball game, Joe found his car and poured sugar in his gas tank. Suddenly, he started experiencing panic attacks that resulted him to go for a check-up. Current and Past Medical History The patient went to a doctor because he wanted a treatment for his anxiety and panic attacks. He had palpitations, sensations of shortness of breath, chest pain and nausea or abdominal stress. But his panic attacks are not associated with agoraphobia. Joe felt that he had no mental disorder at all. The doctor prescribed him Tofranil, an anti-depressant. But Joe had more knowledge on how this drug affected neurological mechanisms than the doctor. The said treatment was unsuccessful because Joe did not think that he has a personality disorder. The doctor, which he named as Dr. Fein, did not have any prior knowledge that Joe might have a paranoid personality disorder. Joe was not open to his life and Dr. Fein should have considered the possibility that Joe has a paranoid personality disorder that is why he behaved the way he did. Right now, Joe’s panic attacks still continued. Social History Joe is said to be rude and arrogant. His first steady relationship is with Carla but then later on, Carla broke up with him. Joe wanted to get revenge. Since then, he became extremely suspicious of women’s intentions. One time, Joe made fun of a guy talking to his date at a party. Joe always finds chaos with others. He argued with a professor for receiving a B+ instead of an A. Joe began to date his future wife Ruth. He also got his first job working with a drug company. Joe on his first job This is an ideal position for Joe. But he was asked by his boss to stop his independent research. Joe behaved with hostility towards his co-workers. Because of this continuous attitude, Joe was asked to resign after 3 years. Joe on his second job Joe took a job working in a university. Joe didn’t like his new job. He was asked again to curtail his independent research. He was asked to work in a new employee and suspected he was a spy. Joe accused the university in trying to kill him with radiation in the laboratory. Later on, Joe was fired and he took another job which is driving a taxi cab. Familial Relationship According to the patient, his father is mentally ill and he believed that he was being disregarded by his family. He was estranged to his family and friends and he believes that â€Å"he had nothing†. As a middle child, he felt that he is being left out so he needs to step up in everything he must do. In an early age, he became hypersensitive to the evaluation of others and believed that the world is a hostile place persecuted for being different. Later in his life, he married Ruth and they had a daughter. Their marital relationship has been putted on the rocks for a lot of times because of misunderstanding and Joe’s paranoia about his wife. Later on, Ruth recognized that Joe was overreacting to minor events. Joe then suggested that Ruth was a part of the conspiracy that people were trying to steal his ideas. After some years, Joe and Ruth divorced. Until now, he is still convinced that Ruth betrayed him. Typical Problem The patient’s life story stems up from his place in the family. In an early age, he faced struggles that led him to become suspicious of the motives of people to him. Since he’s very intelligent, he assumes that he knows everything and people are trying to steal his ideas that led him to have poor relationships with others. He received a comment before that struck his ego and saw it as an insult, so he always wanted to have revenge with people. The patient thinks that he is the best and nobody can beat him. He developed anxiety and panic attacks, which is a manifestation of Paranoid Personality Disorder, but still he thinks that he is not ill and he is mentally stable. A Misunderstanding of Some Sort When Joe went to a psychiatrist whose name is Dr. Flein, he reported their for treatment of his anxiety and panic attacks. The doctor gave him an anti-depressant drug without considering the other manifestations in the personality of the patient. Dr. Flein just thought that it was only a simple anxiety disorder, but he never takes the regard to consider Paranoid Personality Disorder on Joe.