Complicated Justice in Moby Dick and Billy Budd by Herman...

Complicated Justice in Moby Dick and Billy Budd by Herman Melville Donald Yannella, author of New Essays on Billy Budd, says that â€Å"at the heart lies an obsession with justice, as is exhibited in Herman Melville’s classics, Moby Dick and Billy Budd, Sailor. Herman Melville was an American author born on August 1, 1819 in New York, New York. The author wrote many books and penned poetry in his later years. Best known for his novel Moby Dick, Melville was not regarded as one of America’s greatest writers until after his death on September 28, 1891. Not achieving his dream job, and with his family in shambles, he boarded the St Lawrence in 1839. His time spent at sea would prove to be useful, as the majority of his books take place on the high seas. His most famous book, Moby Dick, features the observant narrator, Ishmael, aboard the Pequot, a ship captained by the menacing one-legged Captain Ahab. Having lost his limb in a previous voyage to an enormous sperm whale named Moby Dick, Ahab scans the seven seas in manic search of revenge against the giant. Queequeg, Ishmael’s menacing best friend, and the rest of the crew are subjected to extreme jeopardy and later death due to Ahab’s monomaniacal disregard for bad omens and danger. The whale slices the boat clean in half and none survive to tells of its greatness except Ishmael. Left unfinished at Melville’s death in1891, Billy Budd, Sailor was not published until 1921. Raymond M Weaver found it in manuscript form while

Gandhi s Plan Of Civil Disobedience Essay - 1860 Words

Throughout history, many conflicts have happened, some with resolution, and other without. We often tend to think of solving conflicts with war, since most of our history classes are based around World War I, World War II, and so forth, but many conflicts were fought, and successfully won using nonviolent resistance. Many people would use Gandhi as a well known example. Gandhi’s plan of civil disobedience revolved around this big idea called â€Å"satyagraha,† which he explains as, â€Å"a satyagrahi should always possess civility and humility, qualities that indicated self-control and an humble approach to truth† (Gandhi 50). He later explains that satyagraha is â€Å"truth-force† and that truth is soul and spirit, or â€Å"spirit-force.† â€Å"It excludes the use of violence because man is not capable of knowing the absolute truth and, therefore, not competent to punish† (51). He used this strategy to fight for indian independence. Many oth er incidents in the world have been fought using civil disobedience, including Women’s Suffrage. â€Å"Passed by Congress June 4, 1919, and ratified on August 18, 1920, the 19th amendment guarantees all American women the right to vote† (19th Amendment). Women fought for decades trying to gain their equal right to vote, and it was a long and difficult path. The tactics that were used by women of the National Woman s Party (NWP) were creative and multifaceted. The leaders drew inspiration from many different sources such as: the early Women’s Rights Campaigns inShow MoreRelatedMahatma Gandhi And Civil Disobedience1015 Words   |  5 PagesMahatma Gandhi and Civil Disobedience Mahatma Gandhi once said, â€Å"Happiness is when what you think, what you say, and what you do are in harmony† (Mahatma Quotes). Happiness to Gandhi was standing up for what he and others believed in. Gandhi’s personal life caused him to choose to participate in civil disobedience to protest Salt Acts law by the British, and he did achieve success eventually by using this controversial method of standing up for what he strongly believed to be right. Civil disobedienceRead MoreGandhi s Influence On Indian Politics937 Words   |  4 Pages29).Gandhi believed non-violence was an act of â€Å"pure love† in the face of hate and his legacy vividly survives through the cultures he inspired. In this essay, I will assess the ways his non-violent teachings influenced other political struggles along with the advantages and disadvantages as a result. After gaining freedom from Great Britain, the people of India finally possessed the proper â€Å"knowledge, the resources, and the social institutions† (Koshal 312), to develop and progress. 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Gandhi is acknowledged as the Father of the Nation or Bapu due to his astonishing contributions towards the independence of India, by becoming an amazing freedom fighter who led India as a leader of Nationalism, against British rule. Gandhi was one of such that believed in nonviolence, the unity of people, and bringing spirituality upon Indian politics. He worked incrediblyRead MoreQuetext. About Faq Contact. Early Days Mahatma Gandhi Was1353 Words   |  6 Pagesdays Mahatma Gandhi was the primary leader of India’s independence movement and also the architect of a form of non-violent civil disobedience that would influence the world. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, popularly known as Gandhi, was born to Putlibai on October 2nd, 1869 in Porabandar,India. His father, Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi served as the Diwan chief minister of Porbandar state. The Indian classics, especially the stories of and king Harishchandra, had a great impact on Gandhi in his childhoodRead MoreWho Is The Leader Of The Indian National Congress?1507 Words   |  7 Pages At first glance, these two historical figures could not seem more distant. Mohandas Gandhi campaigned a universal and tolerant version of religion and upheld these beliefs through his political movement. In contrast, Osama bin Laden has been credited for creating an antagonistic and combative interpretation of traditional Islam that led to some of the most gruesome acts of terror observed in the twenty first century. Although both of their ideals stand on opposite ends of the spectrum, theyRead MoreGandhi s Early Self Identification1690 Words   |  7 Pagesdays Mahatma Gandhi was the primary leader of India’s independence movement and also the architect of a form of non-violent civil disobedience that would influence the world. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, popularly known as Gandhi, was born to Putlibai on October 2nd, 1869 in Porabandar,India. His father, Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi served as the Diwan chief minister of Porbandar state. The Indian classics, especially the stories of and king Harishchandra, had a great impact on Gandhi in his childhoodRead MorePolitical Events Before Pakistan Making From 1942-19471014 Words   |  5 Pageswere Congress and Muslim league both reject this proposal. Thus, the plan was failed. 8 August Quit India Movement: On 8 August, 1942 the Quit India movement (â€Å"Bharat Chhodho Andolan†) was a civil disobedience movement started by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. It was a movement declared by All India congress committee, during the Second World War wanted to end the British Rule in India after the Failing of Cripps of mission. Gandhi make a call â€Å"Do or Die† in his speech delivered in Mumbai at Gowalia

Global Patterns and Predictors of Marine Biodiversity

Question: Discuss about the Global Patterns and Predictors of Marine Biodiversity. Answer: Introduction: The goods and services provided by the intertidal shores are critical for the proper functioning of life support system of this planet. They have a significant direct and indirect contribution in human welfare and therefore add an economic value to the ecosystem. Intertidal shores have always been desirable area to live, work and play since beginning of times. In earlier times, estuaries and inlets were places of shelter and staging areas for growing food. As trading developed they provided port for transport and vessel protection. With industrial revolution, ports were used not only for transport of raw material and finished goods but also for water extraction and discharge of wastes. Then in the post material society, recreational activities increased and inland waterways, beaches, coral reefs and cliffs became areas of leisure activities (Wilson J 2005). They also provided valuable fisheries, wildlife environment, and nutrient cycling. The intertidal shores provides us with specie s to measure environmental quality like dogwelk and mussel and barnacle used to monitor climate change. It is useful for educational (e.g taxonomy like profera, annelids, coelenterates, mollusks, crusteaceans, arthropods, etc) and experimental purposes (e.g. physiology, form and function). Other animals seen are starfish, sea urchins and corals. The areas it provides are steep rocky cliffs, sandy beaches or wetlands. The marine ecosystem has been subjected to numerous threats over the years. These threats range from over exploitation, pollution, non-native species invasions, habitat destruction and fragmentation and global climate change. But pollution is by far the greatest threat to marine environment. There are three main sources of pollution of the marine environment - coastal sources, atmospheric deposition and offshore inputs. Many pollutants enter the sea from these mentioned sources and pollute the marine environment. e.g. Hydrocarbon compounds or petroleum hydrocarbons/oil the hydrocarbons are further divided into four chemical types alkanes, aromatics, naphthenes and alkenes. Crude oil consists of a mixture of these classes. When crude oil enters the sea, accidently from vessels or willingly from refineries, it floats, though part of it sinks and part evaporates. This crude oil and its refined products cause physio-chemical changes toxication of the marine environment. It reduces the light reaching the floral and faunal organism for photosynthesis, birds feathers get coated with oil and it loses its water-proofing quality because of which they sink and drown. The chemical constituents of oil like benzene, toluene and xylene are extremely toxic. These constituents accumulate in sediments and fish and over time become a threat to the benthic organisms. persistant toxic substances (PTS) consists of a wide variety of substances that are have been there since a long time, are noxious but persist for less time because of continuous use and removal, all of which leads to their chronic exposures. e.g. perfluorooctanyl sulfonates used in surface treatment of fabrics, brominated flame retardants in electronic goods. The persistent toxic substance contains some constituent which is harmful and not degradable known as persistent organic pollutants (POP). The POPs mostly contain a halogen or chlorine group making them less soluble in water and highly soluble in lipid which leads to its accumulation in fat containing tissues. They are semi-volatile due to which they can transport to long distance through atmosphere e.g. tributyl tin, dibutyl tin and monobutyl tin. Heavy metals nominal amount of most heavy metals are essential for critical metabolic functions but high concentrations has detrimental effects. But some heavy metals like lead, mercury and cadmium have no known benefit but has severe adverse impact. Heavy metals are not degradable, accumulate in tissues and cause acute or chronic toxic effects. The toxic effects depends on the type of metal and their effects. Heavy metals enters into marine ecosystem by means of influx or atmospheric deposition or direct discharges from industry (Researchgate.net 2008). Water covers more than 70 % of the earths surface and contains more than 90% of the living biomass. Marine ecosystem provides oxygen, food, rain, buffers the weather and regulates the global temperature but still it is being threatened by human activities. Because of the growing concerns for marine condition and development, numerous legal regimes have come up to address the problems of marine environment like pollution, biodiversity loss, protection of endangered species and marine mammals. The international environmental law comprises of treaties and customary laws. Though both these source of law provide support and have distinct legal obligation on states but in practice treaty is more viable and dominant. Several conferences and events like the 1972 Stockholm conference on the human environment, the 1982 United Nations convention on the law of the sea, the territorial sea, the exclusive economic zone, the high seas, protection and preservation of the marine environment led to th e international environmental law. Area within national jurisdiction and areas beyond national jurisdiction are to be protected and conserved with the help of regulatory laws. Marine protected areas (MPA) have been developed where human activities are limited. These MPAs are important to safeguard the irreversible biodiversity loss. In June 2011, the United Nation established an adhoc open-ended informal working group to understand problems concerning conservation and sustainable use of marine diversity. Then a multilateral agreement known as United Nations convention on the law of sea (UNCLOS) was agreed to and a package approach was adopted. The package approach included issues like marine genetic resources, area-based management tool and environment impact assessments, capacity building and transfer of marine technology (FIELD 2012). Alien species are species that enter into an ecosystem intentionally or non-intentionally where they do not belong. The alien species can be plants, crustaceans, algae, fishes, molluscs, bacteria and viruses. Most of the alien species enter into the marine ecosystem through ballast water from commercial shipping operations (marinebio.org n.d.). When these alien species enter into a new habitat which is fit for their survival, they quickly dominate the natural wildlife and throw the ecosystem out of balance. The alien species spread rapidly due to several reasons like high dispersal ability, rapid reproduction and growth, phenotypic plasticity, ability to survive on different types of food and in different environmental conditions e.g. Bonamia ostrea, a parasitic rhizaria caused lethal infection known as bonamiosis in European flat oyster, Ostrea edulis. Bonamia ostrea initially spread in the wild and cultivated stocks of native oysters in River Fal, United Kingdom. Around the same ti me, it was detected in Essex and Helford river. By 1986, bonamiasis had further spread to Poole, the Solent and its adjacent harbour. Controls were applied initially to prevent the spread of the pathogen by preventing movement of live shellfish. Bonamiasis remained confined to areas in England until 2005, when it was reported in Northern Ireland by Lough Foyle. In 2006, it was reported in Wales and Scotland. Subsequently 9 zones were designated as infected with the disease (Laing I et al 2014). Subtidal reefs are made up of rocks e.g. limestone, granite, basalt which always remains submerged, even at low tides. It can be found in deep and shallow waters and gives an environment where many plants and animals are able to survive. Two subtidal reefs are Shallow subtidal patch reef in Indonesia coral reefs are biologically diverse and provide a productive marine ecosystem. These coral reefs are usually surrounded by mangroves and seagrasses. The transition zones between these coral reefs and the mangroves and seagrasses are known as coral bommies. A coral bommie is an isolated coral reef patch surrounded by sand or rubble. They harbour a diverse ecosystem for fish and invertebrate communities. Fish is an integral part of the coral reef as they help in movement of material and energy between the reef and seagrass. Coral reef provides both shelter from predators and food source to the fish. Some fishes remain on the patch reef for their entire life and some use it during a life-stage like a nursery habitat. Other fishes are transient and make diurnal or tidal migration between reef zone and patch reef zone. These coral bommies are susceptible to global climate change especially because in the shallower zone there is a greater fluctuat ion in temperatures. So steps are being taken to reduce this problem by constructing artificial reefs to alleviate habitat loss and constructing these artificial reefs also helps to know the optimum size, composition and distribution required to increase the diversity and abundance of these fishes and invertebrate communities (Ahmadia G n.d.). Subtidal rocky reefs in Victoria Parks in Australia - it is composed of rocks found in both shallow and deep waters. Erosions from waves creates rock overhangs and crevices where creatures take shelter. Subtidal rocky reefs are home to variety of plants and animals of the marine environment. The shallow reefs contain extensive communities of plants which form the kelp forests and the deep reefs have brilliant colours due to diverse sponges and marine invertebrates. The Victorian reef also contains bright corals and some big fish. These reefs are important for the survival of some commercial species like abalone and rock lobsters. The problems faced by these subtidal rocky reefs are fishing and removal of animals and plants, marine pests like Japanese kelp and northern pacific sea star which compete with resident marine life for food and space, trampling of plants and animals by people visiting the park, damage of the anchor, climate effect changes like rise of sea level, warming of s ea surface and increase in acidity of oceans. The parks management has established an adaptive management framework with five stages to maintain and restore the natural marine habitat (Parkweb.vic.gov.au n.d.). Every living thing on this earth requires some special conditions to survive and reproduce like sunlight, air, food, energy. But the deep sea creatures lead a far more challenging life and their needs are more complex than just food and sunlight. The deep sea creatures faces challenges everyday like high pressure, little oxygen, no sunlight, little food, darkness and extreme cold to name a few. Deep sea female angler fish release a scent which is picked up by the dwarfed male angler fish which has large eyes and nostrils. The male angler fish hooks to female by its mouth and releases enzymes to enable fusion of the two. Another example is that of ceratias holboelli where the female fish is half a million times heavier than male fish. This drastic difference in the sizes is very important in reduction of the impact of attachment for the female fish. The attachment may be temporary or permanent. Some female species mate by using their light organ photophores which attracts males. And s ome species are hermaphroditic. Through these mechanisms, the male gains access to the females circulatory system and survives by taking nutrients from female blood. This is a parasitic relationship where both sexes benefit. Though most of the deep sea creatures have yet to be explored, these creatures have found a mechanism for reproduction and growth (Piechowski M 2013). Genetics and the Matrine Environment Advances in genetic technologies have increased our knowledge in medical field and helped in biotechnological research. Genetic technologies has helped to understand the pattern and processes that influence the marine life. Though use of genetic technology in marine systems is still not fully developed but some progress has been made in recent years. Genetic approaches have increased our understanding of different aspects of deep sea dynamics like species population, migration, population differentiation. E.g. sewalls wrights island model, fantasy island model. e.g. The next generation sequencing (NSG) has helped in gain information about the genome, transcriptome and metabolome of marine species. The study of genetic variation of model fish system has provided us with data on adaptation and persistence mechanisms useful in biodiversity assessment and conservation of marine ecosystems. E.g. genomics of bottlenose dolphin, tursiopstruncates, helped us understand the nervous system of dolphins and the similarities it has with other large brain mammals like humans. Another example is how sequencing of African coelacanths genes helped understand how fish may have first adapted to life on land and later gave rise to amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. Transcriptome analysis is used when gene sequence is not available. It was recently performed on Atlantic herring, fish found in marine waters and great source of protein in Europe and North America. This fish can survive in salinity and can reproduce in both north Atlantic and the Baltic sea. The SNP and other studies showed that there is very little genetic differentiation between geographically distant and morphologically distant forms. Large scale techniques like transcriptomic and proteomic have helped in better understanding of phenotypic variability and functional genomics (Huete-Preze J Quezada F 2013) We know that fisheries business have attained a great high nowadays. Because of the increased demand for fish especially shellfish globally, it becomes important to manage the exploited wild stock and help in stock identification. Genetic techniques are used in fisheries management for identification of markers for stock discrimination. This discrimination helps to understand how fish especially shellfish species have same genetics as isolated reproductive populations. This information helps in management of fisheries because usually local populations are thought worthy of conserving because they contribute to genetic diversity, which may latter be used to increase their productivity in environmental conditions that keeps on changing. Genomics helps in conservation and management of natural populations. Genomics also helps to increases the neutral genetic markers for a number of species. This helps to better estimate the effect of demographic changes on populations. Genomics also helps in structuring unknown species to known Baseline population e.g. mixed stock analysis. Genomics also helps in studying the genetics which help in local adaptation in species. Genomics helps in genetic identification of pathogenic organisms in commercially viable species and to understand the expression of growth factors. e.g. Atlantic salmon is an important specie in fisheries management. Genetic techniques in Atlantic salmon targeted both DNA RNA. An microarray containing cDNA obtained from salmon and data from rainbow trout EST database has been used to investigate salmonoid several disease response and disease resistance and immune response. It has been used to study genes involved in maturation and development of rainbow trout ovarian and testicular tissues, Marine biotechnology is the application of biotechnological tools on marine products and species. Drug discovery is the most known and promising application of marine biotechnology. Biochemical obtained by marine species, algae and bacteria exhibit very different properties from those produced by land animals. Drugs derived Marine species include antibiotic from fungi, two compounds obtained from a sponge that can treat cancer and herpes virus and a neurotoxin obtained from a snail that is 10000 more potent in reducing pain as compared to morphine without side-effects. Marine derived compounds have been used in cosmetics, nutritional supplements, artificial bone and industrial products, novel glues and heat resistant enzymes Marine biotechnology is used in aquaculture for improving the production of aquatic species, for conventional fish breeding to enhance the desired traits in fish, to study about diseases in aquatic species and help them develop resistance to it, to enhance the gr owth rate of fishes, several products extracted from aquatic life is being put to different use like seaweed extract for thalassotherapy, agar-agar, alginate, etc (Mayekar T et al n.d.) Biodiversity in general terms means the number of species types in a particular ecosystem. Marine biodiversity refers to the numerous specie types found in oceans and seas. Marine biodiversity is very important for human health and well-being. The three major patterns affecting marine diversity are sea surface temperature, habitat availability and pollution. Ocean temperature especially from climate change affects the distribution of sea life. Increased temperature and stratification affects the productivity of phytoplankton. Any change in phytoplankton timing, abundance or species has an effects on the whole food web. Due to global warming, the southern species have started moving towards the poles and the northern species have started retreating (Marbef.org n.d.). Marine ecosystem have been experiencing increased habitat loss and degradation and these two processes are critically affecting the marine diversity. Between 1960 and 1995, every day one kilometre of coastline was developed, thereby causing permanent loss of valuable habitat e.g. coastal wetlands, rocky shores and seagrass meadows. Loss of habitat causes reduction in the species and number of fishes. Some environmental changes occur when there is loss of natural habitat and it leads to arrival and colonisation of opportunistic species which benefit from these conditions (Marbef.org n.d.). Pollution occurs in the marine ecosystem due to human activities, chemicals, industrial activities, offshore oil and gas production, marine oil transportation, agricultural and urban activities. Pollution from direct and indirect sources causes steady degradation of marine ecosystems. Though it is difficult to assess the effect of pollutants on marine environment, but it can be established that over a long time it causes stress that suppresses immune system and makes the species sensitive to infectious agents and parasites. The genetic tools have enhanced our ability to analyse the marine population, to speculate on hidden biodiversity, temporal and spatial structuring of gene flow. DNA extraction is used to study biodiversity, metagenetic analysis provides information about taxonomic composition and spatial diversity of communities in marine ecosystem (Carugati L et al 2015). References Medlin k et al n.d., Molecular tools for the study of marine microbial diversity [Online], Encyclopedia of life support systems, Available from https://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C17/E6-58-08-06.pdf. [Accessed 22/01/17] Tittensor D et al (2010), Global patterns and predictors of marine biodiversity across taxa, Nature, 466, pp 1098-1103. Piechowski M 2013, Reproduction in the deep seas [Online] Miami.edu, Available from https://sharkresearch.rsmas.miami.edu/conservation/reproduction-in-the-deep-sea. [Accessed 23/01/17] Ahmadia G (n.d.), The ecology and biology of shallow subtidal patch reefs in Indonesia [Online], opwall.com, Available from https://opwall.com/wp-content/uploads/IH205-The-ecology-and-biology-of-shallow-subtidal-patch-reefs-in-Indonesia.pdf. [Accessed 23/01.17] Parkweb.vic.gov.au (n.d.), Subtidal rocky reefs [Online] Parkwen.vic.gov.au, Available from https://parkweb.vic.gov.au/park-management/environment/ecosystems/marine/subtidal-rocky-reefs. [Accessed 23/01/17] MarineBio.org (n.d.), Alien species [Online] MarineBio Conservation Society, Available from https://marinebio.org/oceans/alien-species/. [Accessed 23/01/17] Laing I et al (2014), Epidemiology of Bonamia in the UK, 1982 to 2012, The crown, 110, pp 101-111 FIELD (2012), Protecting the marine environment in areas beyond national jurisdiction [Online] FIELD, Available from https://www.lighthouse-foundation.org/fileadmin/LHF/PDF/field_mpas_guide_april_2012.pdf. [Accessed 23/01.17] Reasearchgate.net (2008), Threats to marine environment: pollution and physical damage [Online] Researchgate.net, Available from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226028160_Threats_to_the_Marine_Environment_Pollution_and_Physical_Damage. [Accessed 23/01/17] Royal British academy (2005), The intertidal ecosystem: the value of Irelands shores, Dublin: Royal British academy. Huete-Preze J Quezada F (2013), Genomics approaches in marine biodiversity and aquaculture, Biological research, 46(4). Carugati L et al 2015, Metagenetic tools for the census of marine meiofaunal biodiversity: an overview, Marine genomics, 24(1), pp 11-20. Mayekar T n.d., Marine biotechnology: bioactive natural products and their applications [Online],Available from https://www.aquafind.com/articles/Marine-Biotechnology.php. [Accessed 23/01/17]

Talent Management at Norvatis

Section One: Summary of the Case Study Norvatis is a pharmaceutical company that came into existence in the late 1990’s. The company has made tremendous success in terms of increasing its global presence and increasing its profit margins. The company’s CEO, Daniel Vasella grapples with the idea of coming up with an elaborate system of performance appraisal and worker’s motivation.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Talent Management at Norvatis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apparently, Norvatis has an organizational culture that supports hiring senior management executives outside the company’s human resource department. As such, Vasella articulates that there is the need for the company to identify employees and train them within the context of organization to enhance their managerial skills. Although the CEO asserts that 78% of senior managers have ascended through the ranks of the company, Norvatis experiences a challenge regarding ‘pay for performance’ and other ways of motivating the employees. This implies a global talent management system. At the outset, it is important to appreciate the role of any global talent management system. According to the CEO, the company’s ability to develop leadership skills among its employees is a critical objective of global management system. In fact, he asserts that the manager ought to establish an organizational culture by allowing the senior managers to have vast experience in the organization. He asserts that the process of hiring managers outside the organization is expensive and it discourages a consistent organizational culture within the company. The CEO is also wary of the fact that the trained managers would need to reach to their places of work before other companies hire them and as such, it will become an expensive venture for Norvatis. To avoid such an occurrence, it is important for the company to provide motivation for the employees. Indeed, he appreciates that money did not motivate the employees to the level that is necessary to retain them. He says that many employees do not work for money but instead seek to be a part of the company’s success. To that end, the performance management system at Norvatis ought to reflect the organization’s values and incline the employees towards increased chances for success. Initially, Norvatis had a performance management system that it used to rate its employees in order to have a performance based method of motivation and compensation.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company also insisted on the need to have a uniform standard of measuring performance across the world. Guided by such values as innovation and creativity, the company’s ratings would receive their respective performance ratings across the globe (Goldsmith Carter, 2009). It is important to notice that the initial system of rating the employees suffered a lot of criticism owing to its inability to indicate employees’ performance precisely. Hence, performance management system ought to comprehend various aspects. Norvatis encourages a distinction of the performance by different employees. It is apparently difficult to use a rating system that does not only fail to distinguish talents in the organization but also unable to understand the raters’ discernment. In addition, Norvatis contends with an increased urge to enhance the uniformity of its global talent and performance management. Using online surveys, the research results indicated that the company had been able to implement a largely uniform system in 90% of its outlets. Norvatis’ operating and financial results that had been exceptional in majority of the outlets could have been influenced the uniformity. Norvatis also att empts to match its ‘pay to performance’. To achieve this objective, the employees could have interpersonal appraisals with the manager to reveal the factors enhanced or impeded achievement of goals they set priory. The manner the discussions end influences the compensation a significant way. It was necessary to come up with a uniform system that would strike a balance and match the compensation criteria in the company. The current system created unprecedented disparities to level that some of the employees received even two folds of their base salaries as opposed to others who do not manage to get a bonus due to poor performance (Goldsmith Carter, 2009). This would ultimately result to imbalanced levels of employee’s work commitment and job satisfaction. This could affect Norvatis in a huge way. Moreover, the aspect of cultural differences in various global outlets had presented a big challenge for the company. In particular, in Asian countries where Confucian i deas are prevalent, the performance rating systems were also different from the rest of the mechanisms in comprehending the ratings accruing each of the employees. Above that, it is apparent that different employees have demanded equivalent pay for similar jobs making it even difficult for the ‘pay for performance’ system to penetrate the rigid culture.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Talent Management at Norvatis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To achieve the goal of ensuring that senior managers have worked for the company previously, the company designed a training program targeting potential occupants of managerial positions in the upcoming future. The employees would receive training on issues surrounding strategic planning and management of improved performance among many other programs that typified the training. The main objective of the training was to enhance a systematic and a gradu al process through which management skills will emerge at an early stage. Nevertheless, some ongoing costs sought to question the company’s ability to increase the profit margin. This was despite the company’s successful implementation of its performance management system. Norvatis has embarked on a program that seeks to source global talent. The company has opened different talent firms in many of its outlets. It introduced a program named international assignees in which employees in different locations could switch their operations and move to other countries that Norvatis held. Nevertheless, there was huge challenge especially in ensuring that the salaries for the international assignees were uniform notwithstanding the country that the assignees would work. Initially, the company realized that the program cost was almost twice in the labors costs and particularly, salaries and wages. The rationale was that it was ethical for the company to facilitate the employees ’ ability to sustain their households located in their home countries while at the same time ensuring that they were able to transit to the new countries with ease. Norvatis found an opportunity to expand its operations to China. Having been able to establish elaborate research and development (RD) in various countries, it intended to make research a priority especially when operating in the Chinese market. Luckily, research had revealed a gap in the provision of pharmaceuticals that would facilitate the fight against diseases that are prevalent in the country. The company identified cancer caused by infections as a starting point for its aggressive strategy. Besides, it controlled a substantial competitive edge in that, a huge Chinese population preferred foreign health care providers to locally established pharmaceuticals. Norvatis invested handsomely but various factors presented a challenge to its ambitions. From the onset, the costs associated with labor began to increas e in an unforeseen way. In addition, the costs could increase exponentially if the company were to employ more number of native populations. This is because the Chinese labor market is typical of young and talented laborers who possess little experience especially that which relates to multinationals. As such, the company would incur increased costs of the imminent training and on-job development.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Strategies to counter the challenges involved being able to benefit from undervalued labor in China and relocating the company’s operation to rural areas where the costs of labor would ultimately be the lowest (Goldsmith Carter, 2009). Labor market saturation in China has deemed some graduates to opt for informal jobs. Norvatis could also aim at unifying the labor costs with the labor compensation of other countries. That was not all, the CEO highlights that the company also pointed some strategic concerns about ways to improve the transformative change that he had implemented. Section 2 Universal systems of motivation Apparently, Novartis makes an important decision that regard to having a uniform or universal system to motivate its employees. The company has enhanced its ability to make significant profits margins that has enabled it to operate in different countries across the globe. To that end, the company would require uniform talent and universal performance measureme nt strategy has been used to enhance other appraisals. Using a universal method to motivate employees is a common aspect of multinationals. While many analysts articulate that the process of motivating employees ought to take different aspects, there are advantages that make a universal system of motivation to be reasonable (Friedman, 2005). Scullion Collings (2010) explicate that the system enhances an organizational culture within a company. While many companies are typical of fragmented systems of motivation, a universal system of motivation is an important tool through which the organization’s culture develops. With a functional organizational culture, it is critical to notice that the employees can learn the values of the organization in the context of the motivation system making it to embrace change, which is unending process in all business environments (Monahan, 2000). Besides, universal system of motivation enhances job satisfaction owing to the need for the employ ees to identify with people that work in similar capacities. It is clear that Norvatis noticed that employees felt a sense of inequality when some of them earned high salaries notwithstanding the same jobs that they hold. Friedman (2005) says that it is vital for multinationals to consider the negative factors that might accompany the universal system of motivating employees. First, a multinational ought to consider that cultural difference may present a challenge when assuming such an approach of compensation. This is in appreciation of the fact that various employees draw motivation from different sources as opposed to one standardized system. For instance, employees in Asian countries value non-tangible sources of motivation such as respect, which makes the Asians to standout from the rest of global talents that value conventional resources of motivation (Scullion Collings, 2010). Further, it is important to realize that different employees have different skills, which cannot el icit equal motivation in the workforce. Performance Measurement Systems Currently, Norvatis has been able to achieve success especially in performance measurement systems but to a relatively low extent. The main challenge that has typified the company’s systems of appraising performance includes the inability to have an accurate assessment of employees. Friedman (2005) asserts that the rationale is that the current system is prone to manipulation by the managers who may not have the best intentions of some employees. As such, the current tool may suffer from inaccuracies and inability to provide precise and reliable results. Another challenge that has been clear is inability of the system to give the right meaning of the quantitative rating systems. The ratings range from one to three with the lowest implying diminished productivity and it receives one. Even though the rating system may seem fair, it is important to recognize that a rating of two does not imply that the emplo yee is above average in productivity (Scullion Collings, 2010). Norvatis should continue encouraging the use of normal/bell distribution. The rationale is that the tool has facilitated the ability of the managers to distinguish the performance of different employees. In other words, it encourages the managers to be honest when identifying and differentiating talents of all the employees. Although the tool is largely unpopular among many multinationals, it also encourages the culture of honesty to prevail in an organization (Monahan, 2000). While the top performers may be motivated to seek adventurous and potentially beneficial innovations, it is the role of human resource department at Norvatis to encourage them and engage the rest in team working. This will ultimately motivate all the employees. Global Talent challenges in China Norvatis faces uphill task in China especially in meeting its seemingly uncontrollable turnover. Apparently, the cost for doing business in the country ha s soared in an unsurpassed way. Norvatis should be able to ensure that production of the drugs is cost-efficient by adopting the appropriate cost analysis tool and equally appropriate decision-making tool. While we consider that the company has found over 1500 exotic elements that could act as the raw materials for the business, it is essential to realize that the company has saved such direct costs as shipping costs and inflationary pressures that could result from high costs of raw materials. According to Scullion Collings (2010), making the decision should entail appropriate strategies and enhancing the efficiency of the laborers. As such, the international assignee program should enhance outsourcing of labor from other Asian countries that may be experiencing surpluses in their markets. Besides, it is important to enhance operations in China by training the newly hired employees to enhance roles break down and specialization (Swanson, 2005). Specialization of the employees will enhance their efficiency while performing their duties leading to time saving. Swanson (2005) explains that the training ought to offer specific training to the different employees and assist the managers to understand the specific talents that the company possesses. Finally, it is imperative to embark on a project that would identify early talents and facilitate their integration of talents to the Norvatis’ organizational structures. Conclusion In sum, Norvatis is multinational Swiss company operating in over 140 countries in the world. The company considers improving its performance measurement systems, as they are tools for appraising performance and revealing the type of talents that the company possesses. Although the company has been outstanding in increased revenues and other aspects like the organizational culture, it faces a huge business challenge especially when operating in China. The reason is the ever-increasing labor costs of operating in the country. Referenc es Friedman, T. (2005). The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century. New York: Straus Giroux Press. Goldsmith, M. Carter, L. (2009). Best Practices in Talent Management. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Publisher. Monahan, G. (2000). Management Decision Making. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Scullion, H. Collings, D. (2010). Global Talent Management. Irwin, New York: McGraw Publishers. Swanson, K. (2005). Coping with China’s Talent Shortage. New York: Norton Publishers. This case study on Talent Management at Norvatis was written and submitted by user Iker Klein to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Beauty Myth and Its Influence for Women

Women have managed to overcome many barriers which made it difficult for them to succeed in different fields because of their gender. Gender equality and empowerment policies in many countries have helped them overcome barriers, which made it difficult for them to succeed.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Beauty Myth and Its Influence for Women specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The beauty and cosmetic industry have helped strengthen several attitudes and beliefs about a woman’s role in the modern world. Therefore, in the Western mainstream media, perceptions of beauty have been shaped by beauty and cosmetic companies. These companies have made many women to set for themselves unrealistic standards regarding how they should look. The media has entrenched the idea that for a woman to be successful, she needs to have an attractive appearance. Cosmetic manufacturing companies have reinforced the belief that a slim woman is desirable, sexy and more confident (Wolf, 1991, p. 89). This has strengthened the stereotype that people, especially women, need to be slim, to live a healthy lifestyle. This paper will focus on the beauty myth and how it affects the way women see themselves in modern times. Feminine beauty has been as a treated as a mysterious subject, which arouses different emotions in many societies across the world. The media, together with other companies, have entrenched certain perceptions about the role of a woman in the society, which continue to affect the way women look at themselves. This has made many women to get obsessed with physical perfection, which has made beauty, one of the most important issues to women across the world. In many societies, patriarchal systems of power still dominate the way different activities are performed. However, this has changed over the years because women are no longer considered inferior or weak. Wolf (1991) argues that feminist m ovements of the 1960’s and 1970’s, were concerned with equality for all genders in different spheres of life (p. 92). In Europe and North America, popular culture has influenced the way women perceive themselves and the role they are supposed to play in the society. Women in other continents have become more emancipated but they still do not have the same freedom, enjoyed by fellow women living in Western countries. The issues of feminism and beauty are very crucial because they enable people understand the real impact of gender equality and empowerment, in many societies.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The concepts of beauty and feminism are more intertwined because of the way they many business organizations. They are used to create sex appeal in adverts, which makes many firms to use beautiful models to market their products. Advertising firms use models to la unch products for different companies, which shows the connection between feminine beauty and marketing. This helps them appeal to the sub-conscience of both male and female consumers, to make them have more favorable attitudes towards products being marketed (Levy, 2005, p. 67). Many product launches are not considered complete without popular female celebrities gracing them. The strong association between beauty and economics has had a dramatic influence in the media, because it has encouraged the society to treat women subjectively. There are women who are more sensitive about their appearance and looks, than their skills and inner personality. They think that having flawless bodies, clear faces and beautiful hair, are necessary attributes that make them stand out of the crowd. Some of these women are well educated, earn good incomes and live comfortable lifestyles. They have adequate financial resources which make them more independent and ambitious. Ironically, even though seve ral working women have good incomes, they are still worried about how they look. These insecurities have been strengthened by stereotypes, which set unrealistic standards on how a perfect woman should look like. Levy (2005) reveals that many myths about beauty are advanced by the media and they have a major effect on the way women perceive themselves (p. 73). Some women believe that how they look determines their value in the society. Many film stars and musicians have a big influence on the way women understand the concept of beauty in their lives. The effect of Hollywood on peoples’ behavior is enormous because many people are obsessed with tabloid gossip concerning the rich and famous. Many Hollywood stars, musicians and other well known personalities, are given a lot of attention by the media in Europe and North America. Female celebrities are accompanied by their large teams of makeup artists wherever they go, which shows the importance they attach to their looks. They v alue their appearance more than their personality because this is makes them popular among their fans (Ross, 2010, p. 79). Therefore, fans who consider movie stars, musicians and athletes as role models, are likely to emulate their behavior. Young women are easily captivated by new fashion designs, hairstyles and other forms of popular culture they copy from Hollywood stars. Many young women are hurting themselves physically and emotionally, in a bid to achieve unrealistic beauty standards, popularized by the media. Cosmetic surgery has become a multi-million dollar industry because more women are willing to go under the scalpel to improve their looks. Older women are undergoing botox treatments to get rid of wrinkles on their faces and are also opting for silicone breasts, to make themselves look younger (Ross, 2010, p. 89).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Beauty Myth and Its Influence for Women specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This obsession with physical appearance is creating a society where people are not willing to accept their physical limitations and are willing to pay more to improve their looks. Modern women are under a lot of pressure to meet specific standards of beauty, which drives them to try extreme cosmetic procedures, which are not good for their health. Obesity has become a major challenge on the way women look in the US and other parts of the world. Many health experts argue that obesity and excessive weight contributes to different diseases which threaten women’s health. Therefore, popular stereotypes show slim men and women as healthy, while overweight individuals are teased for not observing healthy living. Many teenage girls in the US and Europe have eating disorders caused by failure to consume proper diets because they want to stay slim (Ross, 2010, p. 108). The fashion industry has been accused of making more teenagers become anorexic because many popular fashion models are slim and underweight. In many Western societies, slim people are given more attention than overweight people. Obese people are described as lazy, greedy, dirty and slow. These negative attributes associated with obesity make many women hard to lose weight to gain acceptance in the society. Feminists in different parts of the world have been divided by the issue of beauty and how it influences women in different settings. Some feminists argue that criticism leveled against the media and beauty industry is misdirected. They argue that women need to be in touch with their feminine instincts and they do not need to feel bad for improving their personal appearance. They argue that personal beauty helps women overcome barriers in a world dominated by patriarchal ideas and gives them an opportunity to improve their self-confidence. However other feminists argue that women need to rely more on their character and personalities to succeed in life. They argue that the focus on beauty at the expense of brains makes women who are not physically attractive to be overlooked by their employers (Valenti, 2007, p. 82). They argue that stereotypes related to beauty and appearance make women who are not physically attractive not to have the same chance at suceeding compared to those that are more attractive. Therefore, they feel that obsession with physical appearance makes women to be judged by patriarchal standards, which deny them a chance to achieve their potential. Many feminists have argued that the modern environment makes women to be treated subjectively because of their appearance. The issue of feminism is now looked at differently compared to the past, because women have become more emancipated. Valenti (2007) argues that feminism needs to accommodate different interests by women for it to remain relevant in the modern society (p. 99).Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More She argues that women need to embrace their feminine instinct to improve their own self confidence, which will enable them realize their own potential. They need to focus on activities which satisfy their inner motivations to become comfortable with themselves in a world that is rapidly changing. It is necessary for women to be comfortable with who they are to ensure they do not fall prey to stereotypes and other popular ideals which treat women subjectively. References Levy, A. (2005). Female chauvinist pigs: Women and the rise of raunch culture. New York, NY: Elsevier. Ross, K. (2010). Gendered media: Women, men and identity politics. London: Rowman and Littlefield. Valenti, J. (2007). Full frontal feminism: a young woman’s guide to why feminism matters. New York, NY: Seal Press. Wolf, N. (1991). The beauty myth: How images of beauty are used against women. New York, NY: Harper. This research paper on Beauty Myth and Its Influence for Women was written and submitted by user Makenzie U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Tender is the Night Quotes

'Tender is the Night' Quotes Tender is the Night is a famous novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The work details the life and deterioration of Dr. Dick Diver, who falls in love with a mental patient. This novel was considered a failure at the time of its publication, but it is one of Fitzgeralds most important works. Here are a few quotes.​ Tender is the Night a bald man in a monocle and a pair of tights, his tufted chest thrown out, his brash navel sucked in, was regarding her attentively.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 1 so that while Rosemary was a simple child she was protected by a double sheath of her mothers armor and her own - she had a mature distrust of the trivial, the facile and the vulgar.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 3 Youre the only girl Ive seen for a very long time that actually did look like something blooming.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 4 so green and cool that the leaves and petals were curled with tender damp.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Chapter 6 he opened the gate to his amusing world. So long as they subscribed to it completely, their happiness was his preoccupation, bit at the fist flicker of doubt as to its all-inclusiveness he evaporated before their eyes, leaving little communicable memory of what he had said or done.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 6 the moment when the guests had been daringly lifted above conviviality into the rarer atmosphere of sentiment, was over before it could be irreverently breathed before they had half realized it was there.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 7 the too obvious appeal, the struggle with an unrehearsed scene and unfamiliar words.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 8 of course its done at a certain sacrifice - sometimes they seem just rather charming figures in a ballet, and worth the attention you five a ballet, but its more than that - youd have to know the story. Anyhow Tommy is one of those men that Dicks passed along to Nicole. Book 1,- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Ch. 10 She illustrated very simple principles, containing in herself her own doom, but illustrated them so accurately that there was grace in the procedure, and presently Rosemary would try to imitate it.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 12 Indeed, he had made a quick study of the whole affair, simplifying it always until it bore a faint resemblance to one of his own parties.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 13 He knew that there was passion there, but there was no shadow of it in her eyes or on her mouth; there was a faint spray of champagne on her breath. She clung nearer desperately and once more he kissed her and was chilled by the innocence of her kiss, by the glance that at the moment of contact looked beyond him out into the darkness of the night, the darkness of the world.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 15 The enthusiasm, the selflessness behind the whole performance ravished her, the technic of moving many varied types, each as immobile, as dependent on supplies of attention as an infantry battalion as dependent on rations, appeared so effortless that he still had pieces of his own most personal self for everyone.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 18 the shots had entered into all their lives: echoes of violence followed them out onto the pavement where two porters held a post-mortem beside them as they waited for a taxi.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 19 made an exit that she had learned young, and on which no director had ever tried to improve.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 25 And Lucky Dick cant be one of those clever men; he must be less intact, even faintly destroyed. If life wont do it for him its not a substitute to get a disease, or a broken heart, or an inferiority complex, though itd be nice to build out some broken side till it was better than the original structure.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 1 They said that you are a doctor, but so long as you are a cat it is different. My head aches so, so excuse this walking there like an ordinary with a white cat will explain, I think.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 2 I am slowly coming back to life... I wish someone were in love with me like boys were ages ago before I was sick. I suppose it will be years, though, before I could think of anything like that.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 2 We were just like loversand then all at once we were loversand ten minutes after it happened I could have shot myselfexcept I guess Im such a Goddamned degenerate I didnt have the nerve to do it. Book 2, Ch. 3 God, am I like the rest after all?- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 4 The weakness of the profession is its attraction for the man a little crippled and broken.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 6 Nicoles world had fallen to pieces, but it was only a flimsy and scarcely created world.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 7 the delight on Nicoles faceto be a feather again instead of a plummet, to float and not to drag.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 8 And if I dont know youre the most attractive man I ever met you must think I am still crazy.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2 Its my hard luck, all rightbut dont pretend that I dont knowI know everything about you and me.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 9 As an indifference cherished, or left to atrophy, becomes an emptiness, to this extent he had learned to become empty of Nicole, serving her against his will with negations and emotional neglect.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 11 Here are more quotes from Tender is the Night, by F. Scott Fitzgerald. We own you, and youll admit it sooner or later. It is absurd to keep up the pretense of independence.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 13 Good manners are an admission that everybody is so tender that they have to be handled with gloves. Now, human respectyou dont call a man a coward or a liar lightly, but if you spend your life sparing peoples feelings and feeding their vanity, you get so you cant distinguish what should be respected in them.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 13 England was like a rich man after a disastrous orgy who makes up to the household by chatting with them individually, when it is obvious to them that he is only trying to get back his self-respect in order to usurp his former power.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 16 Good-by, my fathergood-by, all my fathers.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 19 she only cherishes her illness as an instrument of power.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 1 There was some element of loneliness involvedso easy to be lovedso hard to love.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 2 to explain, to patchthese were not natural functions at their agebetter to continue with the cracked echo of an old truth in the ears.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 2 Not without desperation he had long felt the ethics of his profession dissolving into a lifeless mass.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 3 If Europe ever goes Bolshevik shell turn up as the bride of Stalin.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 4 We cant go on like thisor can we?....What do you think?... Some of the time I think its my faultIve ruined you.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 5 She was somewhat shocked at the idea of being interested in another manbut other women have loverswhy not me?- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 6 If she need not, in her spirit, be forever one with Dick as he had appeared last night, she must be something in addition, not just an image on his mind, condemned to endless parades around the circumference of a medal.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 6 So delicately balanced was she between an old foothold that had always guaranteed her security, and the imminence of a leap from which she might alight changed in the very chemistry of blood and muscle, that she did not dare bring the matter into the true forefront of consciousness.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 7 Hes not received anywhere anymore.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 7 Either you thinkor else others have to think for you and take power from you, pervert and discipline your natural tastes, civilize and sterilize you.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 7 No, Im not reallyIm just aIm just a whole lot of different simple people.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 8 Everything Tommy said became part of her forever.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 8 Tangled with love in the moonlight she welcomed the anarchy of her lover.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 8 Then why did you come, Nicole? I cant do anything for you anymore. Im trying to save myself.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 9 I have never seen women like this sort of women. I have known many of the great courtesans of the world, and for them I have much respect often, but women like these women I have never seen before.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 10 You dont understand Nicole. You treat her always as a patient because she was once sick.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 11 When people are taken out of their depths they lose their heads, no matter how charming a bluff they put up.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 12

How do you live the good life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How do you live the good life - Essay Example These cases identify the problem in definition of a good life because people often confuse temporary happiness and material things with the meaning of a good life. I hereby offer a perception of how to live a good life. The term good refers to anything that is desirable or can be qualified under specific standards, or a moral occurrence, definitions that are general and relative. I however define the term from a psychological perspective that takes care of the relativism and diversity. An act that yields more benefits that harm offers a net good while one with less benefit as compared to adverse effects would not be a good act. Living a good life therefore means engaging in activities that generate net good to a person’s life. This type of life however emanates from social ties that not only minimizes a person’s bad experiences, but also overlooks such experiences and supports the person towards a positive state. Such ties are found from a person’s family, loved ones, and are more valuable than money (Takingcharge 1). Having social ties that are based on love such as special moments with family members or a lover is the best way to live a good life. The ties may be manifested through social trips, shared meals, joint discussions, or even quiet moments but they still form a person’s unforgettable experiences in life. While the ties have no adverse effects on a person’s life, they offer a number of benefits that defines a good life (Takingcharge 1). Social ties lead to a person’s longer lifespan because of their effects that ensures an individual’s high quality of life. Reduced level of stress and ability to manage stress due to social support can be a factor. People with strong social ties also have lower chances of contracting cardio vascular diseases such as heart failure and high blood pressure. Similarly, strong social relationships boosts functionality of a

Anything Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Anything - Essay Example On the other hand, the benefits derived from age-appropriate content amongst children range from staying connected to friends, developing and expressing your individual identity, sharing content of self-expression such as artwork and music and developing new social contacts amongst peers with similar interest. Firstly, I argue against by asserting that socials sites exposure is toxic to young minds. Children are gullible hence any material presented to them indeed provokes a feeling of interest. In this case, internet exposure takes a dramatic twists as most of these young minds are concentrated on experiences that are beyond their understanding (Warburton & Hatzipanagos, 2013). Time spent in social media must have been cut out from other useful activities such as school projects, help around with small household chores and cases of sleep deprivation. A child under the influence of such will showcase discomfort and reduced concentration capability. Children will likely attracted to the internet because of quick access to Information that may seem vulgar and inappropriate, keeping in mind that in such a situation no objection is involved. Accordingly, an anticipated outcome is the deterioration in class performance. On the other hand, I argue for by asserting that through proper restrictio n to ensure age-appropriate content amongst children presents an opportunity for children to benefit from social sites. Parents must monitor and ensure safety based on free discussion with the children and guiding them appropriately on the use of social sites. Parents must keep control of their information by access restriction to some sites, keep their full names, address, telephone number, social security number to themselves. Ensure the children only post information they are comfortable with everyone viewing and talk to their parents before considering

Northern and Southern British Colonies of North America Essay Example for Free

Northern and Southern British Colonies of North America Essay The views of Northern and Southern British Colonies of North America developed different culturally factors including economically and political views, education, and religious instruction. Colonies in the north and south developed their own characteristics making them significant for the main land, and later becomes the new nation itself. Economic wise, the colonies had more differences than similarities. The North had small farms while the south had larger plantations. The northern colonies developed important trades on furs, timber, and other natural resources. The northern colonies developed into shipping center at New York, which originally belonging to the Dutch until 1664, where goods were stored. The English develop the harbors around New York and it became a major shipping center of the colonies. Meanwhile, the south developed important trades on agriculture, cotton, rice, and tea. At the time, the south had fewer raw materials than the North and mostly traded cotton. The cotton crop was the most important trade to the Southern colonies, it was nicknamed King Cotton. The reason of the South’s plantation out-sizing the North’s plantation was because the social aspect of each side. The Northern colony life mainly revolved the church members, when the south had more focus on the wealthy land owner. However, The North and south economics were similar to each other as well; for example, Tobacco and slavery. The North and South both also supported the use of indentured servants, people who came to America and was placed under contract to work for land owners for over a period of time, usually about seven year. Politically, the North and South had differences on who had the bigger voice in the society. In the North, Church membership was the only way to be accepted in to the colony. The church in the north controlled the laws and were the most accepted in the colony. Meanwhile, in the South, instead of the church members being superior, the land owners who wealthiest had control over the law. The Southerners tended not to be very religious due to the number of churches and religious institution in the south. Almost all the population of the South live on plantation and the plantation were very important to them more than the religious beliefs. Since The North was large on plantation, thousands of slaves were forced to work on the plantations. Politics in the colonies were empowered by charter called The General Court. The General Court made laws and governed the company. The colonists adapted the general court concept and used it to rule their colonies. The General Court ruled that freeman could only be male and a church member in order to make sure only religious men could decide government issues. The southern colonies were ruled by the oldest legislative called the House of Burgesses. The House of Burgesses established for judicial and administration which will runs by the representatives from each region in the colonies. Mercantilism played an important role in the lives of New Englanders because it was an economic theory and system that supported the establishment of the colonies. New England adopted the policy of mercantilism in order to control over the trade of the colonies. The colonies were influenced by the mercantilism policy due to the numerous trading prohibitions and taxes that applied on goods. The first mercantile regulation was the Acts of Trade and Navigation which established three main rules for colonial trade. Firstly, trade between the colonies could only be transported on English or colonial-built ships and operated by English or colonial crews; secondly, all goods could only pass through English port; and thirdly, certain numbered goods from the colonies could only be exported to England, including tobacco and sugar. But in the Southern Colonies, the Navigation Act had lowered tobacco prices which made the economies suffered. The slave population in the South vastly increased in order to maintain their wealth that dominated trade and politics throughout the colonies. Later on, there will be more similar acts to those of trade and navigation, such as the Staple Act of 1663, The Duty Act of 1673, and the Wool Act of 1699 which limited trade of good. Over time, the concept of mercantilism would rehabilitate due to the changing ideas and theories of various economic scholar such as Adam Smith, Abraham Lincoln, and Alexander Hamilton. Educations also played such an important role in the lives of New Englanders because people were really religious in the American colonies. In the New England colonies, the Puritans built their society based on the principles of Bible. The Puritans valued education because they believed that Satan was keeping those who couldn’t read from the scriptures. Education in this time period enabled people to read the Bible; therefore, parents able to teach their children to read the Bible, which was often the only book they had. Wealthy families usually sent their older children to study at colleges and universities. Girls usually learned their education in household skills at home. The education in the southern colonies, children normally began their education at home. Because farms and plantations created difficulty, plantation owners usually hired tutors to teach their children math, science, geography, history, and plantation management. Girls in the South usually taught to learn enough reading, writing, and math to run a house household and to attract a husband. As we speak of Education, The King James Bible had influence the culture of these two diverse regions because it was the only English translated book from the bible. The King James Bible established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607; for the next few hundred years, just every English-speaking American grew up knowing the King James Bible better than any other book. It was the only book that has over one billion copies in print. Because of the well-known bible at its era, both colonies were persuaded the children to learn from King James Bible either from homeschooled or universities. The impact of the King James Bible on English language and western culture is beyond estimation; therefore, Education of the North and the South were always involved with the King James Bible. Works Cited. Channing, Edward. The Navigation Acts. Thenagain.info. Thenagain.info, n.d. Web. 31 Jan. 2013. Grischy, Janet. The Economic and Social Differences between the North and the South as a Cause of the Civil War. Helium. Helium, 23 Apr. 2009. Web. 30 Jan. 2013. Hockett, Homer C. Political and Social Growth of the American People 1492-1865. (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1940). KIRSCH, ADAM. Heirs to the Throne. The New Republic. Www.newrepublic.com, 11 May 2010. Web. 25 Jan. 2013. The King James Version: Its Influence on English and American History. The King James Version: Its Influence on English and American History. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2013.

Native American Oppression

Native American Oppression Whoever controls the past controls the future (George Orwell). Freedom; just what is freedom? Many think of freedom as having a choice. It is what the United States is supposedly founded on. But is it really? How many people actually have the freedom to know the oppression not through the eyes of the conqueror, but the conquered? History is not meant to be repeated, for it teaches us how to prevent. So why is it that we do not learn? The history of the Native Americans has never been a pretty one. Native Americans have suffered and have been oppressed like none other. What Columbus did to the Arawaks of the Bahamas, Cortes did to the Aztecs of Mexico, Pizarro to the Incas of Peru, and the English settlers of Virginia and Massachusetts to the Powhatans and the Pequots. Settlers were seeking religious and political freedom; during their quest they set their eyes on the new world. What is the point of freedom if one must subjugate others for it? The history of oppression, of the European invasion on the Indian settlements in the Americas begins five hundred years ago. That beginning is one of conquest, slavery, and death. When we read the history books given to children in the United States, it all starts with heroic adventure, one where there was no bloodshed, and Columbus Day is a celebration. Past the elementary and high schools, there are only occasional hints of something else, but only a hint. Samuel Eliot Morison in his popular book Christopher Columbus, Mariner, written in 1954, he tells about the enslavement and the killing: The cruel policy initiated by Columbus and pursued by his successors resulted in complete genocide. Samuel Eliot Morison did not lie about Christopher Columbus. But rather he mentioned the truth quickly and very subtly. On October 12, a sailor called Rodrigo saw the early morning moon shining on white sands, and cried out. It was an island in the Bahamas, the Caribbean Sea. The first man to sight land was to get a yearly pension of 10,000 maravedis for life, but Rodrigo never got it. Columbus claimed he had seen a light the evening before. He got the reward. So, approaching land, they were met by the Arawak Indians, who swam out to greet them. The Arawaks lived in village communes, had a developed agriculture of corn, yams, and cassava. They could spin and weave, but they had no horses or work animals. They had no iron, but they wore tiny gold ornaments in their ears. Arawak men and women full of wonder emerged from their villages onto the islands beaches and swam out to get a closer look at the strange big boat, the likes of which they had never before seen. When Columbus and his sailors came ashore, carrying swords, speaking oddly, the Arawaks ran to greet them, brought them food, water, gifts. He later wrote of this in his log: They brought us parrots and balls of cotton and spears and many other things, which they exchanged for the glass beads and hawks bells. They willingly traded everything they owned. They were well-built, with good bodies and handsome features. They do not bear arms, and do not know them, for I showed them a sword, they took it by the edge and cut themselves out of ignorance. They have no iron. Their spears are made of cane They would make fine servants. With fifty men we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want. The gold ornaments would prove to have disastrous consequences as they would fuel the greed the Spanish had. Christopher Columbus ordered for some of them to be captured by force and sent on board the ships. The main goal behind this was information about the location of gold. On the way back the Native Americans died aboard the ship when the weather dropped. The Indians, Columbus reported, are so naive and so free with their possessions that no one who has not witnessed them would believe it. When you ask for something they have, they never say no. To the contrary, they offer to share with anyone. He concluded his report by asking for a little help from their Majesties, and in return he would bring them from his next voyage as much gold as they need and as many slaves as they ask. He was full of religious talk: Thus the eternal God, our Lord, gives victory to those who follow His way over apparent impossibilities. His second expedition was given seventeen ships and more than twelve hundred men. The aim was clear: slaves and gold. They went from island to island in the Caribbean, taking Indians as captives. But as word spread of the Europeans intent they found more and more empty villages. On Haiti, they found that the sailors left behind at Fort Navidad had been killed in a battle with the Indians, after they had roamed the island in gangs looking for gold, taking women and children as slaves for sex and labor. When there was a possibility of making a profit God had no room in Christopher Columbus mind. Columbus sent expedition after expedition into the interior. They found no gold fields, but had to fill up the ships returning to Spain with some kind of dividend. In the year 1495, they went on a great slave raid, rounded up fifteen hundred Arawak men, women, and children, put them in pens guarded by Spaniards and dogs, then picked the five hundred best specimens to load onto ships. Of those five hundred, two hundred died en route. The rest arrived alive in Spain and were put up for sale by the archdeacon of the town, who reported that, although the slaves were naked as the day they were born, they showed no more embarrassment than animals. Columbus later wrote: Let us in the name of the Holy Trinity go on sending all the slaves that can be sold. In the province of Cicao on Haiti, where he and his men imagined huge gold fields to exist, they ordered all persons fourteen years or older to collect a certain quantity of gold every three months. When they brought it, they were given copper tokens to hang around their necks. Indians found without a copper token had their hands cut off and bled to death. The Indians had been given an impossible task. The only gold around was bits of dust garnered from the streams. So they fled, were hunted down with dogs, and were killed. Trying to put together an army of resistance, the Arawaks faced Spaniards who had armor, muskets, swords, horses. When the Spaniards took prisoners they hanged them or burned them to death. Among the Arawaks, mass suicides began, with cassava poison. Infants were killed to save them from the Spaniards. In two years, through murder, mutilation, or suicide, half of the Indians on Haiti were dead. This was all in the name of the holy trinity, and ordered by Columbus. The Arawaks were not the only Indians to suffer at the hands of European forces. The Aztec civilization of Mexico came out of the heritage of Mayan, Zapotec, and Toltec cultures. It built enormous constructions from stone tools and human labor, developed a writing system and a priesthood. It also engaged in the ritual killing of thousands of people as sacrifices to the gods. The cruelty of the Aztecs, however, did not erase a certain innocence, and when a Spanish armada appeared at Vera Cruz, and a bearded white man came ashore, with strange beasts, clad in iron, it was thought that he was the legendary Aztec man-god, and so they welcomed him, with magnanimous hospitality. That was Hernando Cortes, sent from Spain, and blessed by the deputies of God, with one obsessive goal: to find gold. For God, for Glory, and Gold. (Cortez) In the mind of Montezuma, the king of the Aztecs, there must have been a certain doubt about whether Cortes was indeed Quetzalcoatl, because he sent a hundred runners to Cortes, bearing enormous treasures, gold and silver wrought into objects of fantastic beauty, but at the same time begging him to go back. Cortes then began his march of death from town to town, using deception, turning Aztec against Aztec, killing with the kind of deliberateness that accompanies a strategy-to paralyze the will of the population by a sudden frightful deed. And so, in Cholulu, he invited the headmen of the Cholula nation to the square. And when they came, with thousands of unarmed retainers, Cortess small army of Spaniards, posted around the square with cannon, armed with crossbows, mounted on horses, massacred them, down to the last man. Then they looted the city and moved on. When their cavalcade of murder was over they were in Mexico City, Montezuma was dead, and the Aztec civilization, shattered, was in the hands of the Spaniards. In Peru, the Spanish conquistador Pizarro, used the same tactics, and for the same reasons- the frenzy in the early capitalist states of Europe: for gold, slaves, and products of the soil. To pay the bondholders and stockholders of the expeditions: which in turn financed the monarchical bureaucracies rising in Western Europe. Also to spur the growth of the new money economy rising out of feudalism, and to participate in what Karl Marx would later call the primitive accumulation of capital. These were the violent beginnings of an intricate system of technology, business, politics, and culture that would dominate the world for the next five centuries. In the North American English colonies, the pattern was set early, as Columbus had set it in the islands of the Bahamas. In 1585, before there was any permanent English settlement in Virginia, Richard Grenville landed there with seven ships. The Indians he met were hospitable, but when one of them stole a small silver cup, Grenville sacked and burned the whole Indian village. Jamestown itself was set up inside the territory of an Indian confederacy, led by the chief, Powhatan. Powhatan watched the English settle on his peoples land, but did not attack, maintaining a posture of coolness. When the English were going through their starving time in the winter of 1610, some of them ran off to join the Indians, where they would at least be fed. When the summer came, the governor of the colony sent a messenger to ask Powhatan to return the runaways, whereupon Powhatan, according to the English account, replied with no other than proud and disdainful Answers. Some soldiers were therefore sent out to take Revenge. They fell upon an Indian settlement, killed fifteen or sixteen Indians, burned the houses, cut down the corn growing around the village, took the queen of the tribe and her children into boats, then ended up throwing the children overboard and shot out their Brains in the water. The queen was later taken off and stabbed to death. Twelve years later, the Indians, alarmed as the English settlements kept growing in numbers, apparently decided to try to wipe them out for good. They went on a rampage and massacred 347 men, women, and children. From then on it was total war. Not able to enslave the Indians, and not able to live with them, the English decided to exterminate them. Edmund Morgan writes, in his history of early Virginia, American Slavery, American Freedom: Since the Indians were better woodsmen than the English and virtually impossible to track down, the method was to feign peaceful intentions, let them settle down and plant their corn wherever they chose, and then, just before harvest, fall upon them, killing as many as possible and burning the corn Within two or three years of the massacre the English had avenged the deaths of that day many times over. The lies of American History are too many to tell. Christopher Columbus wasnt a hero but a murderer, and the pilgrims didnt have the fairy tale relation with the Indians. When the Pilgrims came to New England they too were coming not to vacant land but to territory inhabited by tribes of Indians. The governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, John Winthrop, created the excuse to take Indian land by declaring the area legally a vacuum. The Indians, he said, had not subdued the land, and therefore had only a natural right to it, but not a civil right. A natural right did not have legal standing. The Puritans also appealed to the Bible, Psalms 2:8: Ask of me, and I shall give thee, the heathen for thine inheritance, and the uttermost parts of the earth for thy possession. And to justify their use of force to take the land, they cited Romans 13:2: Whosoever therefore resisteth the power, resisteth the ordinance of God: and they that resist shall receive to themselves damnation. The Puritans lived in uneasy truce with the Pequot Indians, who occupied what is now southern Connecticut and Rhode Island. But they wanted them out of the way; they wanted their land. And they seemed to want also to establish their rule firmly over Connecticut settlers in that area. The murder of a white trader, Indian-kidnaper, and troublemaker became an excuse to make war on the Pequots in 1636. So, the war with the Pequots began. Massacres took place on both sides. The English developed a tactic of warfare used earlier by Cortes and later, in the twentieth century, even more systematically: deliberate attacks on noncombatants for the purpose of terrorizing the enemy. This is ethno historian Francis Jenningss interpretation of Captain John Masons attack on a Pequot village on the Mystic River near Long Island Sound: Mason proposed to avoid attacking Pequot warriors, which would have overtaxed his unseasoned, unreliable troops. Battle, as such, was not his purpose. Battle is only one of the ways to destroy an enemys will to fight. Massacre can accomplish the same end with less risk, and Mason had determined that massacre would be his objective. As Dr. Cotton Mather, Puritan theologian put it: It was supposed that no less than 600 Pequot souls were brought down to hell that day. The war continued. Indian tribes were used against one another, and never seemed able to join together in fighting the English. Jennings sums up: The terror was very real among the Indians, but in time they came to meditate upon its foundations. They drew three lessons from the Pequot War: First, that the Englishmens most solemn pledge would be broken whenever obligation conflicted with advantage; Second, that the English way of war had no limit of scruple or mercy; and third that weapons of Indian making were almost useless against weapons of European manufacture. These lessons the Indians took to heart. Was all this bloodshed and deceit-from Columbus, Cortes, Pizarro, and the Puritans-a necessity for the human race to progress from savagery to civilization? Was Morison right in burying the story of genocide inside a story of human progress? Perhaps a persuasive argument can be made-as it was made by Stalin when he killed peasants for industrial progress in the Soviet Union, as it was made by Churchill explaining the bombings of Dresden and Hamburg, and Truman explaining Hiroshima. But how can the judgment be made if the benefits and losses cannot be balanced because the losses are either unmentioned or mentioned quickly? To emphasize the heroism of Columbus and his successors as navigators and discoverers, and to de-emphasize their genocide, is not a technical necessity but an ideological choice. It is certainly the choice which most make. The easy acceptance of atrocities as a deplorable but necessary price to pay for progress (Hiroshima and Vietnam, to save Western civilization; Kronstadt and Hungary, to save socialism; nuclear proliferation, to save us all)-that is still with us. One reason these atrocities are still with us is that we have learned to bury them in a mass of other facts, as radioactive wastes are buried in containers in the earth. We have learned to give them exactly the same proportion of attention that teachers and writers often give them in the most respectable of classrooms and textbooks. This learned sense of moral proportion, coming from the apparent objectivity of the scholar, is accepted more easily than when it comes from politicians at press conferences. It is therefore m ore deadly. Not to mention more widespread. The treatment of heroes and their victims, and the quiet acceptance of conquest and murder in the name of progress, is only one aspect of a certain approach to history, in which the past is told from the point of view of governments, conquerors, diplomats, leaders. It is as if they, like Columbus, deserve universal acceptance, as if they-the Founding Fathers, Jackson, Lincoln, Wilson, Roosevelt, Kennedy, the leading members of Congress, the famous Justices of the Supreme Court-represent the nation as a whole. The pretense is that there really is such a thing as the United States, subject to occasional conflicts and quarrels, but fundamentally a community of people with common interests. It is as if there really is a national interest represented in the Constitution, in territorial expansion, in the laws passed by Congress, the decisions of the courts, the development of capitalism, the culture of education and the mass media. There is no justification for oppression and genocide. There can be no mission directly from God which destroys an entire culture. No legal document or moral law will ever be enough to justify it. While the people may die the rancor left behind wont perish. For it will be documented in history. The true history of the world is all of the peoples stories not just the conquerors. Whoever controls the past controls the future (George Orwell). A hunch backed bison. Proud and majestic. Now bowing. Arched over him, United States of America hangs above. Flip, reflect. A profile. A man with pride, feathers in his hair. Branded. 1936. The word liberty hangs in front of him. Taunting. He does not see it. His eyes are downcast. To notice it would be shortsighted. For what do he and his descendants know of liberty? Their relation with it is maintained with reservations. Primitive concentration camps. Ironic. Little remains today of the bison and the Indian. Confined to obverse and reverse. Looking past each other in opposite directions. To the air, the empty air. Dreaming of days, long gone, many moons ago. Works Cited Angelis, Gina De. Francisco Pizarro and the Conquest of Inca. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2001. Bandelier, F. Hernando Cortà ©s. Catholic Encyclopedia. September 20, 2003. . Bowden, Thomas. The Enemies of Christopher Columbus: Answers to Critical Questions About the Spread of Western Civilization . : The Paper Tiger, 2003. Cortà ©s, Hernà ¡n, Marquà ©s Del Valle De Oaxaca. Britannica 2002 Deluxe Edition CD-ROM. September 20, 2003 Crivelli, Camillus. Francisco Pizarro. Catholic Encyclopedia. September 23, 2003 . Fisher, Mark/Richardson, Kristi. Francisco Pizarro. Carpenoctem. 20 Sept. 2003 Fisher, Mark/Richardson, Kristi. Hernando Cortes. Carpenoctem. 20 Sept. 2003 Francisco, Michael. Cortes Speech. Escondido Tutorial Service. 20 Sept. 2003 . Gibson, Charles. Cortes, Hernando. The World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago: World Book Inc., 1997 Jennings, Francis. The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest. Ney York: Norton library, 1975. King James Version. Bible. Marx, Karl. The Communist Manifesto. London: , 1848. Orwell, George. Quote DB. . 20 Nov. 2009 . Pizarro, Francisco. Britannica 2002 Deluxe Edition CD-ROM. September 20, 2003 Powhatan Indian Tribe History . Access Genealogy. 20 Nov. 2009 .

Technology Management Assignment

Introduction The emergence of new technologies has made a big impact on business management. Technology applications have been proven to enhance the acquisition of information and resources. Technology has also become an important element in decision making and product innovation. As such, without technology management, organizations cannot survive in the current business environment. Technology management has also been proven as a key component in the creation of wealth. Therefore, the management of technology, especially for technology intensive firms, is essential for their survival and to maintain their competitive advantage. Technology management is a multi-disciplinary field, which works as a bridge between engineering and business disciplines. The importance of technology management cannot be overlooked. In recent years, all leading developments in the global business environment are the result of the application of technology management (Khalil, 2000). Technology management is related to innovation (Mortar et al., 2009). In the current business and technological environment, corporations and SMEs must be able to adapt and evolve if they want to survive and expand their business. The ability and willingness to change is essential to survive in today’s highly competitive environment. As such, innovation has become an important aspect in the culture of an organization and is seen as a driving force in achieving growth (Trott, 2005). Innovation, in turn, is recognized as one of the results of efficient technology management. Technology management is a dynamic tool that can be utilized for various industries, both in the private and government sectors. The education sector is one of the areas where technological improvement is needed. This can be achieved through the use of online learning software and other related tools. Online learning communities are a growing feature in the landscape of educational technology. These tools and technology-oriented software are the key improvements in the education system and this has been proven with the passage of time (Herrington & Oliver, 2000) This essay analyses Pakistan’s education market to find the gaps in the use of technology in the country’s education sector. To illustrate the importance of technology management, the essay also discusses its application in relation to the development of new software targeted for the education sector in Pakistan. The development of the new software is carried out with the guidance of an appropriate technology oriented-business model and business plan. This is done to minimize the risk and uncertainty involved in the product development process. Literature Review Benefits of Technology ManagementLooking at the economic history of the UK, technological management has been recognized as one of the key factors in the birth and development of the industrial sector during the nineteenth century (Trott, 2005). Since then, technology management has been an important aspect in economic and business growth. Technology management is recognized as an important element in business management. Firms have utilized technology management in their operations and have adapted it to suit their business needs (Pilkington & Teichert, 2006). Many organizations are going through radical transformations due to technological changes that are happening on a global scale (Levin & Barnard, 2008). In this scenario, technology management is seen as playing an important role in managing organizational change. Over the years, many authors have focused on how to manage technology resources (Cetindamar, Phaal & Probert, 2009). Technology management involves processes to enhance performance and utilization of resources. It involves the acquisition and integration of existing knowledge into the creation of new knowledge. This is an important factor for an organization to survive in the current competitive environment. Every organization must have the flexibility to change and create new knowledge by adapting to the changes in the market. This will lead to higher performance and sustainable competitive advantage (Liu et al., 2006). Technology management is identified as a crucial factor for the long-term success and profitability of an organization. Technology is considered as one of the core assets that a firm relies on (Cockburn & Henderson, 1998). Technology management enables an organization to utilize its resources in creative ways in order to enhance performance and increase profit margin and market share. The company can also acquire and manage resources with the help of technology management. Challenges in Technology ManagementOne of the main difficulties in business is to manage uncertainty. This is the same challenge in technology and innovation management. New product innovation is a complex process. There are numerous factors and risks involved in innovation. The organization has to manage internal and external risks. Some of these are manageable while others are beyond their control. The management of the innovation process, which is a subset of technology management, involves trying to develop the creative potential of the organization. It involves the fostering of new ideas and generating creativity. Managing uncertainty is a central feature of managing the innovation process and managing technology (Trott, 2005). When there is new product innovation related to technology, the chances of uncertainty arises. Different experts have worked on these issues and have developed theories to avoid uncertainty or to create a better understanding of uncertainty, which occurs from new innovation. One of the theories in avoiding uncertainty is Pearson’s Uncertainty Map. This was developed after extensive analysis of different case studies of major technological innovations, including Pilkington’s float glass process, 3M’s Post-It Notes, and Sony’s Walkman (Pearson, 1991). Establishing something new is the essence of product innovation and this process necessarily involves risk. Therefore, early risk identification and management is required by innovative firms. Risk and uncertainty usually occur at the beginning of a new innovation process. It is important to note that innovation is not just about opening up new markets. Innovation can also present new ways of serving older and established markets. Technology Management and InnovationIn today’s fast changing business world, innovation has become a fundamental component in organizations. The speed of innovation has changed the nature of global economic growth – made possible by the rapid evolution of technology, shorter product lifecycles, and a higher degree of new product development. Additionally, the availability of more knowledge to firms has made innovation even more complex (Du Plessis, 2007). From this perspective, innovation is undeniably a product of technology management. One of the primary roles of technology is as an enabler – it ‘encourages the constant need to evaluate, update, and employ changing job descriptions and business processes’ (Savino 2009, p.1). Technological advancements have significantly changed how businesses operate and how employees go about doing their work. The new paradigm in business organizations is the continuous demands for improvement and the acquisition of knowledge in a very dynamic and constantly evolving environment. The catalyst that enables constant improvement and innovation is technology (Savino 2009). As such, it is highly important to manage technology in the pursuit of innovation. Researchers have recognized that large multinational firms are one of the key drivers for the globalization of research and development (R&D) and innovation activities. A study by Gerybadze & Reger (1999) found that R&D and innovation strategies have changed over the years. Since the mid-1990s, multinational corporations have been inclined to consolidate and streamline their operations. This shift in technology management strategy is due to the failures of distributed R&D activities and globally-dispersed innovation processes, which have led to highly complicated and unmanageable organizational structures. Consequently, firms have opted for leaner and more effective types in managing the portfolio of innovation activities. Using Business Models for Product Innovation One of the ways to manage risk in new product innovation is to come up with an appropriate business model or business plan. A business model helps in making the innovation successful and avoiding the chances of failure, which is one of the risks of innovation. Although creating and implementing the business model for a small firm is not an easy process, many firms utilize this in order to minimize the chances of failure (Lindgren, 2011). Business models have been the focus of both the academic writers and practitioners. Creating a business model is now a part of the innovation process (Zott, Amit & Massa, 2011). Researchers found that most firms have a variety of activities and corresponding business models. As such, a firm can use different business models to suit their various activities or a multi-business model approach can be used. Carrying out the perfect business model is not an easy task especially for the SME’s because they have limited resources; lack knowledge about the business; and have few business tools to support their activities (Neffics, 2010). Developing a new software for Pakistan’s education sector There is an existing gap in the use of technology in Pakistan’s education sector. Although there are some online tools that are used to manage online data and news, the information is usually found and managed in university websites only. There are currently no private providers of online learning software in universities in Pakistan. The new ruling of the Higher Education Commission (HEC) requires all education institutes to set online databases. As such, universities need to develop online learning software to fulfill the requirements and facilitate their students into using these new tools. This represents a good opportunity for the development of e-learning software for use in universities and colleges in Pakistan. Our plan is to develop software similar to â€Å"Moodle† for use in universities. Industry and target market A few years ago, Pakistan had no framework for the use of technology in higher education. This meant that the country’s education standards and quality were not at par with the rest of world. Pakistan was unable to make any progress in the education sector until 1991. There were only 34 universities serving a population of over 100 million and from 1997 to 2002, only 10 private universities were added. However, the rapid growth of the education sector resulted in the establishment of 53 private institutions by 2004. There are currently more than 74 universities across the country (HEC, 2012). Product Description The software that will be offer to customers is similar to â€Å"Moodle,† which is the acronym for Modular Object-Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment. Moodle is an open-source course management system (CMS) / learning management system (LMS) / virtual leaning environment (VLE). It is used as a tool for creating online dynamic websites for students (Moodle 2013). Recent surveys show that it is considered as one of best e-learning software used by educators and is used by several primary and secondary schools in the UK (The Guardian, 2008). The software is customizable and there will be some modifications depending upon the circumstances and requirements of the clients. Using Moodle, the teacher can upload data form anywhere and student can access it instantly (The Guardian, 2008). Our aim is to introduce Moodle and to customize the software according to the needs of the higher education system in Pakistan. The software will allow tutors to manage their courses according to their requirements and students will be able to access available data from anywhere. University administration will also be able to upload news, results, and other related information using this software. There are various benefits in the application of the e-learning software in Pakistani universities. These include increase in availability of information, quick feedback, and better communication. The Moodle e-learning system provides users with an online platform for communication and sharing of content, information, and news. Communication – is the basic function of the Moodle e-learning software. Professors can post any course-related announcement for students. Students can chat with other students in real time. Discussion threads can be created. Students and teachers can participate in the discussion. Content – is the second core function of the software Teachers can post lectures, articles, assignments and other related information. Teaching calendar of the year can be included. Teachers can post quizzes and exams and allow students to access them via the internet. Students can submit their assignments online. Business Model A business model serves as a guide to help businesses create, deliver, capture and exchange value (Trott, 2005). There are main four components of a business model. Source: Trott, 2005 Core StrategyCore strategy is the first component of business model. It describes how a firm competes with its competitors. The core strategy involves customizing the software according to the needs of the organization and to set an optimum cost. Initially, we are targeting one university only, which is the Bahira University Islamabad. Other education institutions will be approached later on. Mission StatementOur mission is to provide excellent technology services to universities in Pakistan at the best cost. Product ScopeThe e-learning software will be developed by focusing on the needs and requirements of the clients. E-learning software is popularly used in UK schools. Teachers and students have given positive feedback on the use of e-learning software. We are expecting the same positive response from Pakistan’s education sector. Our focus is to develop the software based on some key points. Ease of use is one of the main objectives of the e-learning software. The product is new so we will ensure that it is easy to use and manage so that our clients will not have difficulty in using it. We will also ensure administrative flexibility so that they can manage it according to their needs. Our aim is to provide maximum value and optimize institutional investments to help them reduce their overhead costs and manage their finances better. We will also develop the software so that it is easily upgraded in the future should the client require changes. Basis for DifferentiationThere is currently no e-learning software in Pakistan, which is customized for the education sector and has excellent communication and content features. Most universities in Pakistan are using their websites for announcement and other news but they do not have a comprehensive software similar to Moodle. Our core differentiation is that we offer a customizable, flexible and easy to use software for the education sector. Strategic ResourcesFor the development of this software, we will hire the best software developer form Pakistan. The reasons for hiring the software developer from Pakistan are lower labor costs and familiarity with Pakistan’s education sector. This will help us to minimize our costs and be more efficient in our product development. Our strategic asset is our developers and our business plans. Technology Strategy The technology strategy is part the overall corporate strategy takes into consideration the components of the core strategy. In pharmaceutical firms and high tech equipment manufacturers, it is common for the technology strategy to be related to the corporate strategy. This concerns the management and use of technology for further expansion and development (Burgelman & Doz, 2001). Our core strategy is to focus on innovation and excellent services for our clients. Our goal is also to build reliable and flexible software that is cost effective and sustainable. The product we offer is based on Moodle. Although Moodle is already available in the market, we will develop a new e-learning software based on the Moodle framework. This new e-learning software will be customized to suit Pakistan’s education sector. Our basic strategy is to understand the client’s requirements and create products that will address all their needs. The service strategy provides guidance on how to design, develop, and implement our service management plans. We will provide not only the software to our clients, but also services such as installation, customization, and post-sales support. We will also provide trainings to teachers and administrative staff on how to upload data and use communication tools. Trainings will also be provided for university students who will be using the e-learning software. Financial Strategy The financial strategy is an important component of any business plan. Initially, we are going to finance our business using our personal savings and from investments of our family and friends. Our initial capital investment is ?3,000 to ?5,000. For future expansion plans, we will loan from a bank or other financial institutions. Partnership Networks We are going to start with one project, through the help of a partnership with a small software firm. This will help to minimize our development costs. The partnership contract will be based on profit sharing. The reason for entering into a partnership is to allow us to offer our products to other universities in the future. It is my responsibility to secure the contract from the university. It is my task to find out the requirements and needs of the university and to negotiate with them in terms of cost and other pertinent issues. Customer Interface Our target market is the Pakistani education sector. The main reason for targeting this market is the lack of educational software in Pakistan. Initially our target is one university, which will be Bahria University Islamabad. The motive for choosing this organization is the fact that some of our colleagues have studied there and are very familiar with the university. According to students of Bahria University, the administrative system that their university is currently using is not user friendly compared to other well-known universities in the Pakistan. As such, it will be a great idea to offer the new e-learning software to this university. To get the contract for developing this service, we will talk to the university’s management team. We will present them our product’s features and offer our services to them. Pricing Model We are new in the market and we want to compete with existing players. Our main focus is to attract a lot of customers and this can be achieved by making our products affordable. We are applying a cost leadership strategy. We will offer the best products at low cost to persuade customers to avail of our products. This is an ideal market entry strategy. maximum customers and for this out for going for cost leadership strategy. We will offer best low cost to facilitate our clients and make them comfortable to deal with us. Initially our motive is to adjust our self on low profit and gain market share. Conclusions Success of an organization depends on leaning, innovation, and constant change in a systematic and scientific way. Every organization will constantly have to acquire new knowledge to remain competitive. Change and uncertainty is managed by having a plan for the future. With a business plan, uncertainty ceases to be a threat and becomes an opportunity. Different models must be used to avoid uncertainty and risk. In entering a new market, we will use a business model to avoid uncertainty and carry out the innovation process in a manageable way. Being management student, we admire the importance of literature on technology management and new product innovation. On the basis of that literature and examples, we can conclude that if we ignore all those theories and models, product innovation will not be achieved. Our plan is based on the review of relevant literature and carried out through a business model. References Burgelman, R.A. and Doz, Y.L. (2001). The Power of Strategic Integration. MIT Sloan Management Review, 42(3), pp. 28-38. Cetindamar, D., Phaal,R. & Probert, D (2009). Understanding technology management as a dynamic capability: A framework for technology management activities. Technovation, 29(4), pp.237-246 Christoph Zott, Raphael Amit and Lorenzo Massa, Journal of Management published. 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