Is There a Soul Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Is There a Soul - Assignment Example Firstly, other than the physical matter that differentiates one individual from the other or one living thing from the other, what exactly differentiates one individual from everyone else, or one living things from all the other living thins of the same species?   Secondly, what exactly feels the pain, sorrow, and sadness on the event of the loss of a loved one through death? The attempt to answer these two questions simply points to the existence of a distinct non-physical matter component of the living things that makes the living things distinct from the other members of their species, and which experiences the pain of loss through death (Bishop, 2000).  Further, if two individuals are born as identical twins and brought up in the same environment, observing the same behavior and mannerisms, there will still exist some aspects that make each of the two identical twins distinct from each other. Thus, the distinct non-physical and non-matter element of humans and other living th ings, which gives each individual living thing the â€Å"I-factor†, makes it unique from all the rest. This individual element of consciousness that makes an individual distinct from all the rest is essentially defined as the soul (Klemp, 2009). In this respect, the soul represents the irreducible element of consciousness, which makes it impossible for scientists to make any form of life in the laboratory by mixing any of the non-living matter. The simple fact that life stems from life and never from the non-living matter, is a clear demonstration of the fact that there is some aspect of the non-physical matter that holds the essence of life, which in itself is the soul.

Christianity in the first three centuries Essay Example for Free

Christianity in the first three centuries Essay After the terror of September 11 the American people wanted to know what type of people would fly airplanes into buildings killing thousands of their good citizens. The left wing media and the Bush administration, which often patronizes left wing, political correctness, provided the most typical ‘spin’ for public consumption. This interpretation works within the typical left-wing paradigm, which deems all religions as essentially the same and politics as Ð ° separate category of life, removed from the private concerns of true religion. It is only when conservative religious-types attempt to impose their narrow minded beliefs upon the peaceable world of religious and political communities that problems arise. (Sherifa 2005 28) Therefore, it is not Islam that brought about September 11. ‘Islam is Ð ° religion of peace’. It is ‘fundamentalists’ who are most to blame for disturbing the peace. After all, the term Islam means ‘peace’. â€Å"Enhanced analysis is where â€Å"the rubber meets the road† Up to this point in the analytical process, personnel have primarily been cleaning data and analyzing information using broad approaches. Transforming the information into quality intelligence requires time and skill. Whether some forms of analysis are art or science is debatable. In the case of homeland security and terrorism analysis, it is both. Methods employed by an analyst can be replicated for use on many different fronts. In addition, there are numerous scientific models and tools available for analysts that can be utilized by anyone to prove or verify information. The data should yield the same results for whoever undertakes the process. (Paul 2002 31) Use of Ð ° checklist is encouraged due to the magnitude of events that can be faced by an analyst undertaking terrorism or organized hate group investigations. Too many steps are involved in the intelligence process, and information often arrives at intermittent times, making organization of the information difficult. Matrixes, link charts, time lines, and maps also play important roles in transforming information into enhanced intelligence. Whatever techniques are used to analyze the information, it is crucial to know ones criminal data and what information is available. In warfare, one needs to know the enemy, and in the analytical world one needs to know the enemy (subject or target) as well as the data. If you do not know what you have, how can you transform it into intelligence? (Michael 2004) Today the term is used by the media and intelligentsia as Ð ° form of hate speech an epithet to curse those who disagree with them. In the present context it is used as Ð ° means of casting aspersions upon conservative Christians in relating them to terrorist activity. Stephen Schwartz serves Ð ° good example of this type of rhetoric. In his work on the Saudis and Wahhabis, The Two Faces of Islam, he skews an otherwise outstanding work with Ð ° continual reference to ‘fundamentalist’ Muslims as perverting ‘true’ Islam. The term serves as Ð ° source of pure rhetoric throughout the work, disembodied from any specific reference to Ð ° movement, group or set of beliefs. There is only one section where he even bothers to relate it to Ð ° specific viewpoint. In this place he condemns Muslims who limit ‘all historical and cultural development in Islam after its first two generations’. However, this understanding of fundamentalism in terms of literal interpretation and living-in-the-past contradicts the overall thesis of Schwartz and his liberal constituency that would characterize the religion of Muhammad the ‘true’ and ‘authentic’ Islam as Ð ° religion of peace. If Muhammad was Ð ° man of peace, literal Islam would have produced the same sort of pacifism that we observe among early Christianity in the first three centuries. But the real truth is that it produced much the opposite. Islam does not exist in the world of ideas as Ð ° disembodied, un-interpreted spirit, subsisting above and beyond the communities who represent the faith. ‘True’ Islam exists only in the mind of those liberals who wish that Muslims would find in Islam what they want them to believe. No religion, philosophy or political ideology exists apart from those who interpret it in accordance with their own purposes. For example, one could find Nazism within the writings of Friedrich Nietzsche if one wishes to use his writings to deconstruct certain themes in certain ways. His writings contain that possibility, even if Nietzsche himself was not an anti-Semite. All works contain enough tensions within them to allow the interpreter to choose this or that reading as more indicative of the true essence of the text, It is all Ð ° matter of choice, If Ð ° reader wishes to find the good things of liberalism within the Qur’an feeding the poor and helping widows and orphans in their distress, there is much in the text that lends itself to this direction. (Paul 2002 56) However, Ð ° liberal cannot deny that there is more Ð ° pretext for deconstructing the Qur’an and proceeding in the horrid direction of September 11 than there is in the Bible or the sacred texts of most other religions. The Bible certainly contains imprecatory psalms and holy wars, but within its writings, especially those of the New Testament, there is much to counteract the more bellicose verses of the old Testament and marginate them or treat them as Ð ° product of Ð ° bygone dispensation. Within the Qur’an there are Ð ° number of disturbing sections that could lead in the direction of September 11 if so interpreted, and little else to counteract them. There is no concept of the historical progress of revelation, as the divine revelation did not take place over Ð ° period of time. According to most Muslims, the Qur’an is an eternal and uncreated book. Its Arabic is God’s Arabic its words God’s Words. Nevertheless, Islam does not exist as Ð ° simple monolith, which demands our acceptance or rejection. â€Å"Since the events of September 11, the American people may have been treated to more truth from their government than ever before. In the post Vietnam era, when the notorious Phoenix program of assassinations finally came to light, public indignation was sufficient to empower investigation by the Church Committee, and Ð ° subsequent ban on foreign assassinations. Over the past decade and increasingly under the Bush Jr. administration, however, open talk of intended foreign assassinations, efforts to overthrow the leaders of other sovereign states, or invasions of an unspecified array of nations can reach the daily papers through on-record remarks by elected officials. † (Amit 2003 127).

Hester Prynne Sanction :: essays research papers

Hester Prynne Sanction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The persistent issue of corporate punishment has been the proverbial thorn in the side of many people throughout history. Corporations have caused many people huge amounts of both physical and emotional pain due to instances of improper mechanical maintenance, ignorance towards the environment, and the manufacture of life threatening products. The main problem that lies as an obstacle in front of prosecutors of these corporations is, who do they punish? The Lord Chancellor of England questioned, â€Å"Did you ever expect a corporation to have a conscience, when it has no soul to be damned, and no body to be kicked?† Countless victims throughout history have been perplexed to come up with a solution to answer the Chancellor's question. How can people throw a corporation in jail, or have them compensate for their immeasurable losses? In his work The Hester Prynne Sanction, Peter French analyses ways in which the courts can change how they punish corporations more effectively. This essay will take a critical look at French's solution, examining if it is an effective and morally justified fashion of punishing corporations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In our society, retributive ideals have been implanted in us, as the famous biblical â€Å"eye for an eye† concept seems to be society's manner with which we punish criminals. This is an interesting case though, because corporations don't simply have one individual they can place the blame upon. Rather, they are comprised of hundreds or even thousands of people, and therefore there is no extensive punishment prosecutors can place upon everybody who is employed by a corporation. In a famous case in Indiana involving Ford Pinto whose â€Å"cost benefit analysis regarding the redesign of the gas tank on the Pinto† cost a person his life. The firm ended up paying $200,000, but how can you place a price on human life? And furthermore, who can you go after for retribution? The engineer who drew up the plans? The CEO who approved the change? Or even the Factory worker who placed the new tank in the car? None of them, according to the current laws, writes French. â€Å" The idea that a corporation can pay a court fine or a set sum to the relatives of its' victim in a homicide case, and therefore expiate its guilt is, however, regarded by many people as a shocking affront to justice.† Very few of these cases can be directly linked to individual negligence or intentional recklessness, and the fines can easily be written off as business expenses. The corporations usually recover fines quickly by means of higher prices. This poses a major problem for society, because the

Joplin Scott’s The Entertainer

Joplin Scott’s The Entertainer is undoubtedly one of the most easily recognizable melodies in music. Its popularity can be considered part of popular culture that has lasted a century thanks to modern adaptations of the music. The piece created in the height of American rag time music, has a great history and is considered as an important cultural piece in African American art genre (French, 2007). Joplin himself is an icon of American music and proved himself devoted to his craft to develop ragtime music to a classical status. The Setting The turn to the 20th century is among the most critical times in history. Globally, the United States is becoming a leader, spearheading the industrial movement of internationalization of commerce. Within the United States itself, there was significant economic growth and social development in terms of rights and suffrage movements. Though African Americans were still subject to a significant amount of legal and social discrimination, they were beginning to organize interest and lobby movements and cultivate their identity in American society (Schafer et al, 1977, pp. 47-52). One of the fields that they gained recognition was in music. Strongly based in church and community musical traditions, composers like Scott combined it with European classical and romantic music to broaden its appeal. Ragtime music, shortened from its original ragged time, is a good example of the musical combination of African American style and contemporary ones. The music also was a means of displaying musical dexterity, a talent that often enjoyed significant success on country wide circuits (Sporre, 2003). The Song Written in 1902, The Entertainer is a rag time two step both enjoyed as music and for dance. Like other rag time music, it is not a metered piece and can be more appropriately considered as timed by its syncopation. The effect is however is that beats are emphasized even more which encourages movement from the audience. The piece requires that listener become in tune with the syncopation and pattern their movements thusly which encourages the audience to catch the rhythm of the song (French, 2007). The piece is written in the key of C but also has a section written in F. The primary chord pattern in A-B-A-C-D and repetitions become progressively higher in octave. Performers of the piece are given significant margin in its performance allowing for intricate melody detailing that will become popularized in jazz and rhythm and blues music. For a time, the song was lost to posterity together with ragtime music genre until it regained popularity when it adapted by Marvin Hamlisch for the movie 1973 Academy-winning film The Sting. The track reached the top three on Billboard magazine and since then has become the anthem for the sport of snooker, theme of several television and entertainment productions and a staple of the musical repertoire of musicians (Schafer et al, 1977, pp. 95-101). The Appeal The Entertainer’s appeal lies both in its artistry and its value in culture. The technical aspect of the song reveals a great deal of creative genius and facility in combining musical styles to appeal to a contemporary public (Sporre, 2003). At the same time, it gives insight to the social and cultural development of African Americans in the United States (Schafer et al, 1977, pp. 12-14). Most of all, it highlights the role of music in communication and society across races and beliefs overcoming discrimination and bigotry. As much as these perspectives remain important today, so does will the song. Its revival in the 1970’s reflects that good music is timeless. Like the people who first heard the tune a hundred years ago, The Entertainer challenges listeners to really listen to it, learning its melody beats and mood. It encourages listeners to experience music and to allow it to move them. For these reasons, The Entertainer fulfills its role not only as a musical piece but also as a cultural heritage that many generations will continue to love. Works Cited French, Christopher W. â€Å"Joplin Scott’s The Entertainer†. Rhythm on the Rock Productions. 2007. 31 May 2007. Schafer, W.J., and Riedel, J. The Art of Ragtime: Form and Meaning of an Original Black American Art, Revised Edition. Louisiana State University Press, 1977 Sporre, Dennis J. Perceiving the Arts: An Introduction to the Humanities New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc, 2003

Financial Statement Analysis for Tootsie Roll and Hershey Essay

The Hershey Company engages in the manufacture, marketing, distribution, and sale of various types of chocolate and confectionery, refreshment and snack products, and food and beverage enhancers in the United States and internationally. The Hershey Company sells its products through sales representatives and food brokers, primarily to wholesale distributors, chain grocery stores, mass merchandisers, chain drug stores, vending companies, wholesale clubs, convenience stores, dollar stores, concessionaires, department stores, and natural food stores. The company was founded in 1894 and is based in Hershey, Pennsylvania. The Hershey Company went public on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) in 1922 (http://finance. yahoo. com/q/pr? s=HSY). Tootsie Roll Industries, Inc. , through its subsidiaries, engages in the manufacture and sale of confectionery products. The company sells its products under the registered trademarks. It distributes its products through candy and grocery brokers to wholesale distributors of candy and groceries, supermarkets, variety stores, dollar stores, chain grocers, drug chains, discount chains, cooperative grocery associations, warehouse and membership club stores, vending machine operators, the U. S. military, and fund-raising charitable organizations. Tootsie Roll Industries operates in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. The company was founded in 1896 and is based in Chicago, Illinois. The Tootsie Roll Industries, Inc. went public on the NYSE in 1927 (http://finance. yahoo. com/q/pr? s=TR). The Hershey Company and the Tootsie Roll Company both are companies in confection industry; they specialize in a wide variety of chocolate candy products. I compared both companies for the years 2002, 2003, and 2004 against each other and against the industry averages in order to make a decision about which company investors would choose to invest in. The comparisons I used to make this decision were ratios for liquidity, solvency, and profitability. As a result of my analyses, I have chosen the Hershey Company.

Quotes to Celebrate Friendship Day

Quotes to Celebrate Friendship Day True friendship stands the test of time. You might be separated by geographical boundaries and distances. But when your  best friend calls, you can transcend any physical or mental boundary. Childhood friends have a special bond with you. They knew you before you became worldly wise, were there in your childhood and teenage years and knew your family. They share your past. Friends you make as an adult see the full blooming of your soul, wit, and heart and are friends in many dimensions. They celebrate your highs and are there to sympathize with your lows. Friendship, like any other relationship, requires care and attention. On Friendship Day, strengthen your friendship with your close buddies. In the spirit of the festival, exchange a token of love share a meaningful quote and raise a toast to a wonderful bond.   Mary Catherwood Two may talk together under the same roof for many years, yet never really meet, and two others at first speech are old friends. C. S. Lewis Friendship is unnecessary, like philosophy, like art ... it has no survival value; rather is one of those things that give value to survival. Claude Mermet Friends are like melons; shall I tell you why? To find one good you must one hundred try. Dag Hammarskjold Friendship needs no words. John Evelyn Friendship is the golden thread that ties the heart of all the world. Pietro Aretino I keep my friends as misers do their treasure, because, of all the things granted us by wisdom, none is greater or better than friendship. Robert Alan The rain may be falling hard outside,But your smile makes it all alright.Im so glad that youre my friend.I know our friendship will never end. Lord Byron Friendship is love without his wings. Solomon Ibn Gabirol My friend is he who will tell me my faults in private. Kahil Gibran Your friend is your needs answered.Let there be no purpose in friendship save the deepening of the spirit. Eustace Budgell Friendship is a strong and habitual inclination in two persons to promote the good and happiness of one another. Charles Peguy Love is rarer than genius itself. And friendship is rarer than love. Mary Dixon Thayer It is not what you give your friend, but what you are willing to give him that determines the quality of friendship. Edward Bulwer-Lytton One of the surest evidences of friendship that one individual can display to another is telling him gently of a fault. If any other can excel it, it is listening to such a disclosure with gratitude and amending the error. Cindy Lew Remember, the greatest gift is not found in a store nor under a tree, but in the hearts of true friends.

THE GIFT OF LIFE essays

THE GIFT OF LIFE essays The debate regarding the ethical issues about organ donation and transplantation has been present for many years. This is primarily due to the unique exchange that must occur. No other treatment so intimately involves the public. People must donate their organs or tissues to make the treatment possible. The question that remains is why are people not donating their organs? One of the main reasons people do not donate organs is distrust of the medical profession. People are afraid that physicians will declare the patients death prematurely for the sole purpose of retrieving their organs. This may be due to the lack of knowledge regarding the procedure used to protect potential donors. Many individuals do not understand that a physician must declare the patient brain dead before the organs can be retrieved. Declaring a patient brain dead is not an easy process. Knowing about and understanding the difficulty of declaring brain death may help potential donors realize that physicians do not randomly make these decisions. for the purpose of retrieving organs. The following criteria for the decision of brain death must be met: 2. Exclusion of reversible conditions, such as hypothermia (core temperature below 96.8 F), drug intoxication or metabolic imbalances. 3. Clinical examination of the patient reveals the absence of cerebral function (speaking, facial interaction), no spontaneous movements (except those originating from the spinal cord), no response to stimulation, no brain stem reflexes (pupil reaction to light, blink response, gag or cough reflex, swallowing), and apnea (lack of spontaneous respiration). 4. All findings remain unchanged for six hours and the patient is reevaluated. So as you can see, the decision to halt a life is not an easy one. In order to donate organs, an abundance of blood supply must be maintained to the organs. Several procedures must be done to ensure t ...

Apply to, Apply for, and Apply with

Apply to, Apply for, and Apply with Apply to, Apply for, and Apply with Apply to, Apply for, and Apply with By Maeve Maddox How does one know which of these three idioms to use? Does an undergraduate apply for a graduate program or to it? Does a job applicant apply to a company or with it? The following examples illustrate mistaken use of â€Å"apply for† and â€Å"apply with† in contexts calling for â€Å"apply to†: Winston is applying for the teaching program at Harvard. Interested in applying with the worlds largest retailer? Customer Service Careers | Apply with DISH apply to This is the idiom to use when you are putting yourself forward as a candidate for something such as a course of study, or a job. You apply to graduate school. You apply to a company for employment. You apply to a bank’s loan department for a loan. apply for This is the expression to use if your intention is to obtain something. You apply for scholarship money. You apply for admission. You apply for a job. apply with The word with in this idiom implies agency, the means â€Å"by which† you apply. You can apply with the click of a mouse. You can apply with a printed application. You can apply with a program like Compass, or a service like Monster. The correct usage for the three examples given above: Winston is applying to the teaching program at Harvard. Interested in applying to the world’s largest retailer? Customer Service Careers | Apply to DISH Here are some other uses of the verb apply, with and without dependent prepositions: apply paint to a surface apply ointment to a wound apply oneself to one’s studies apply a cause to a quarrel apply a remedy to a problem apply a rule to a situation apply pressure to a wound apply pressure to a person apply one’s talents apply a patch to a garment Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How Many Tenses in English?Difference between "Pressing" and "Ironing"Honorary vs. Honourary

Service Desk Shift Supervisors Guide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Service Desk Shift Supervisors Guide - Essay Example The code for the program that will be supplementary to the Supervisor’s Guide will be a program to determine scheduling for the various shift supervisor(s) so that data may be entered and then the subsequent schedule for the particular supervisor will appear. This is to supplement the Shift Supervisor Guide that has already been written and can be found in section B under section A entitled the Formal Report. Basically, the Shift Supervisor’s Guide contains 10 basic sections, all of which relate to issues that could come up at the service desk with regard to operating a computer lab. Thus, it is important to understand the set-up of the lab—depending upon the configurations for the supervisor’s client or employer. ... The Shift Supervisor should become familiar with all of the necessary precautions to take, well in advance of any problems from occurring. It makes sense to be current regarding all these issues so that the appropriate measures for system maintenance can be completed. Review of Other Work (2 pages) There have been several studies done showing that good technical writing yields helpful results, especially when it comes to task-oriented information. According to Pringle and O’Keefe (2003), â€Å"Task-oriented writing makes up the bulk of technical documentation—installation manuals, getting started manuals, and user guides, for example† (pp. 91). Here it will be discussed: the three main steps of technical writing in developing a software manual for a company; the objectives of technical writing; and the purpose and sub-steps of each step and how they relate to the manual. The three main steps of of technical writing include: creating an outline, doing research, an d connecting the research with known information. First, before one starts writing on a technical subject such as computer software, one must be familiar with what one is writing about. If the writer doesn’t understand the nature of the software he/she is writing about, he/she is certainly not going to be able to write clearly and well on how to use the software. So first it is key to have enough knowledge about the topic so that one can create a basic outline for the technical writing project. The main objective of technical writing is to help the consumer use a product—in this case, a software application. In other words, one’s writing is supposed to achieve a certain effect so people can pick up the manual without having previously had knowledge on the

Civil Committment and the Mentally Ill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Civil Committment and the Mentally Ill - Essay Example In criminal trials, insanity defense refers to the defense plea adopted by the defendant as a plausible argument that exempts them from criminal liability as they were legally insane during the commission of the crime. According to a study quoted in Waterloo Cedar falls Courier about 1% of the defendants, who are charged with a felony use the Insanity Defense in order to evade punishments or any legal repercussion as a result of the crime in the United States. And out of this 1%, only one-fourth of the people are successful in getting exempted from legal trial. After the defendant raises the insanity defense, the judge commits them to a competence examination, in order to check the validity of their claims. These evaluations are carried out in proper medical and psychological facilities and the individual is put through countless tests and the defendant’s social history is assessed. (Greene et.al, 2006, p. 222) Over the years, the insanity defense has attracted a huge amount c riticisms and controversies regarding its applicability and due to lack of development in this area. The most critical aspect that is raised by the insanity defense is the fact that it does not incarcerate dangerous criminals but send them off to a hospital facility, where they are given treatment and eventually frees them.

Are we really justified by Faith Research Paper

Are we really justified by Faith - Research Paper Example As he lived his life, he attempted to prove his faith by acts, and works. But he realized that that was not saving him. As he read through scripture, he came to terms with the fact that he is justified by his faith. What he believes, and his faith in God, will bring him to fruition. In Genesis 15:6, we see that Abraham believed in the Lord and because of his belief, he was made righteous. The word righteous here means just or fair. Because of Abraham’s belief, he was considered to be a righteous man. It did not matter what he did as a person, what mattered was his belief in God. Though he was born again, his works was not what saved him. God accepted Abraham not because he lived a life of perfection, but because he believed and he responded to God’s promises. This particular verse was mentioned three different times in the New Testament as proof of the importance of faith in one’s salvation. It was quoted in Romans, Galatians and also in James. Even in the Old Te stament it is clear that God looked for faith and not moral perfection. Abraham also demonstrates great faith in his offering of his son in Genesis 22:1-18. He blindly obeys God’s command until God forbids him. God spares Abraham’s son because of his obedience to him. ... First God commands things into existence. Then he creates a logical division. After, he names it and last but not least, he evaluates it. This is a pattern that is seen throughout normal life. In teaching, you tell the student what to do, you give instructions, you point out the good/bad and then you evaluate the assignment based on its performance. Faith believes that things will turn out the way it is supposed to at the right time. Justification is like being clothed in divine righteousness. When you think about the book of Exodus, you tend to lean on the changes that are occurring in the Bible. The exodus was a major time period when the Israelites left one area to go to the next. The term is widely used as reference to different things such as a â€Å"leaving† or â€Å"departing† in a simple every day scenario. In Romans, you see an Exodus from slavery. Due to the nature of the people living during the Bible times, slavery was not considered an act of infringement. Instead, it was accepted and there was a simple hierarchy that everyone became familiar with. Without this hierarch, like capitalism in the United States, a society was very incapable of functioning on a higher level. Terry Virgo, a Christian Pastor looks at Christian freedom of slavery from sin. This indeed is in part a form of exodus, a practice justified by the government during those times. Justification is the legal act where God declares the sinner to be innocent of his or her sin. It does not mean that the particular sinner is sinless; it just means that God â€Å"declares† him sinless. This declaration of righteousness is what it means to be justified by God and faith. This justification can only be made clear because of Jesus’ shed blood. Without the shed blood of

Retailers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Retailers - Essay Example : 1). The Giant Coca-Cola Bottle on Nanjing Road magazine ad is a particular example of trying to penetrate another type of audience, which the company has not entered in the past. It is a common rationale for big and small retailers to gain more market share and bigger income by coming up with advertisements that can draw consumer attention to their respective products (Making Sense of Advertisements- What is the Ad Trying to Do?: 1). While most of the advertisements by Coca-Cola, Pepsi and Dr. Pepper have achieved the goals they were created for, some magazine ads by the said companies however were not effective; like the Coca-Cola â€Å"Surfer† Advertisement, the Coca-Cola â€Å"Lemon† Advertisement, the Pepsi â€Å"Lemon Twist† Advertisement, the Pepsi â€Å"Climbing† Advertisement, the Dr. Pepper Iron Man 2 Cans and the Dr. Pepper Free 20oz. at Murphy USA Advertisement. The Coca-Cola â€Å"Surfer† and â€Å"Lemon† Advertisements lack col or and the designs were mediocre; not enough to have an impact to inspire interest. On the other hand, the Pepsi â€Å"Lemon Twist† and â€Å"Climbing† advertisements are both gross and mind-boggling respectively. Such ads make the consumer wonder unnecessarily what the ads mean in connection with the product. The Dr. Pepper Iron Man 2 Cans and Free 20oz.

Compare and contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Compare and contrast - Essay Example In the first stanza, the son holds his mother as she vomits in a bowl and then attended to cleaning and changing her clothes with the help of his lover who is also the speaker. Since the strings were tied behind the back the speaker tried to remove the blanket from underneath the old woman and feared that her skin could tear off. This shows that the mother had become a mere cripple and her condition was too fragile. When old age is referred to second childhood, it is justified and sometimes ironical too. The poet talks about the paper diaper, the fragility and all these could be attributed to the status of a baby – â€Å"Everything’s so fragile here/a breath could break you.† (Crozier, line 14-15) The poet and her lover are at a loss and cannot really decide what to do. The mother who has once offered her milk to her son is now feeling shy when her son was undressing her. Despite the weakness she turns her face away and covers her breasts and the lover cracks a joke here, saying that he has undressed many other women before and so she need not feel shy. The tubes and needles used here reflect the medical treatment she was undergoing. The last two stanzas describe the poet’s feelings about his lover when she lies in bed besides him and what happens at the end of the day. The vision of tending his mother is so vivid in her memory that she almost smells him of his mother although he is washed. It seems as if she has licked him to prove to all the girls who lie with him that he is still his mother’s son. The poet ironically talks of the old woman’s tongue’ and might be a little sarcastic in her remark, may be because her time for fun has been shared by the old woman and she puns on the actions of licking. We find the mammals licking their off springs in stead of bathing them and a woman may lick the man for the sake of lust. To some

Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Project management - Essay Example 48). The difference between the two is that one focuses on the delivery of quality products (control), while the other works on ensuring that the confidence of delivering quality products is present (assurance). This paper will examine the difference and relationship between the two, and how organizations are using these concepts to ensure their products are exceptional in a highly competitive market. Both these terms work toward ensuring that the final products meet the required standards of quality. Quality control is often seen as a reactive measure, where the quality of a product is tested and screened. It involves all the operational skills and techniques that are needed to fulfil the different requirements in a quality product. Quality assurance, on the other hand, is seen as a preventive strategy. In this strategy, the company is keen on planning, filing, and assenting to guidelines that work on assuring the quality of products (Webber & Wallace 2011, p. 83). At the beginning of any project, QA must be carried out to ensure that the risks identified and specified are mitigated. QA is often regarded as a pro-active managerial tool or technique, which is used to guarantee a certain level of quality in a company’s product. Appropriate QA and QC should be undertaken once a project has been chosen. This is in order to provide the necessary and pertinent information on the project to avoid the risks that may be present as with any project (Rose 2005, p 76). In the case of the UK stabilisation and solidification treatment and remediation, adequate QA and QC must be guaranteed to ensure a consistent and systematic approach to dealing with the entire process. This is from the project’s conception/beginning to the project’s end/completion. It is through adequate QA and QC that the treatability studies, testing and design procedures, and the construction

Compare and contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Compare and contrast - Essay Example In the first stanza, the son holds his mother as she vomits in a bowl and then attended to cleaning and changing her clothes with the help of his lover who is also the speaker. Since the strings were tied behind the back the speaker tried to remove the blanket from underneath the old woman and feared that her skin could tear off. This shows that the mother had become a mere cripple and her condition was too fragile. When old age is referred to second childhood, it is justified and sometimes ironical too. The poet talks about the paper diaper, the fragility and all these could be attributed to the status of a baby – â€Å"Everything’s so fragile here/a breath could break you.† (Crozier, line 14-15) The poet and her lover are at a loss and cannot really decide what to do. The mother who has once offered her milk to her son is now feeling shy when her son was undressing her. Despite the weakness she turns her face away and covers her breasts and the lover cracks a joke here, saying that he has undressed many other women before and so she need not feel shy. The tubes and needles used here reflect the medical treatment she was undergoing. The last two stanzas describe the poet’s feelings about his lover when she lies in bed besides him and what happens at the end of the day. The vision of tending his mother is so vivid in her memory that she almost smells him of his mother although he is washed. It seems as if she has licked him to prove to all the girls who lie with him that he is still his mother’s son. The poet ironically talks of the old woman’s tongue’ and might be a little sarcastic in her remark, may be because her time for fun has been shared by the old woman and she puns on the actions of licking. We find the mammals licking their off springs in stead of bathing them and a woman may lick the man for the sake of lust. To some

The Chicana feminists movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Chicana feminists movement - Essay Example They were discriminated by the men of their lives including their father, brothers, and husbands. They were stereotyped to perform only the roles of child-bearers and homemakers without any opportunities for educational and professional pursuits. So, Chicana feminism began in 1970s because of the Chicano womens struggle for equality with Chicano men and the need for their prominence in the family setup. Chicana feminist movement was formally initiated in 1971, when about 600 Chicana women met in Houston, Texas for the Mujeres Por La Raza Conference, labeled as first National Chicana Conference. The Comisià ³n Femenil Mexicana Nacional was formed in 1973 and it also played an important catalytic role for Chicana feminism. A number of Chicana feminist groups were formed after the 1971 conference by Chicana women in different parts of the United States. These groups worked for the equality of Chicana women in family, professional, and social life. It also fought for their equal access to education, establishment of childcare centers, reproductive rights, and others However, when viewed from another perspective, the chicana feminist movement was criticized or blamed for tearing certain key values of the Chicana culture, because Chicana feminists were viewed as anti-culture and anti-family. So, the question that arises is: Does the Chicano feminist movement focused more on gender inequalities or cultural

Overview of Martin Luthers Christian Liberty Essay Example for Free

Overview of Martin Luthers Christian Liberty Essay Martin Luthers pamphlet, Christian Liberty, describes his feelings towards the Church. He did not agree with what the Church did. For example, the church had too many restrictions. Meaning that you could not practice another religion. Also, the Church had indulgences, which are supposed to be where if someone sinned, they would go to the church and pray, and have the church forgive you. But the idea of indulgences to the Catholic Church was if you sinned, then you were to pay a certain amount of money and then your sin would have been forgotten. Luther thought the Church should be about faith, not all about power and money. In the pamphlet, Luther believes that faith nurtures the body and soul. He believed that the Church did not believe in that. Luther eventually broke away from the Church for several reasons. Some reasons were how the Church made people pay for their indulgences, how that they had too many restrictions, and how the Church had so much power and how they abused it. Luther stated in his pamphlet, From this anyone can clearly see how a Christian is free from all things and over all things so that he needs no works to make him righteous and save him, since faith alone abundantly confers all these things. Luther in this sentence is saying how things such as indulgences are not needed to make him a better Christian, but if a man has enough faith, it alone will do the job. Luther also states that for preachers not to preach only about repentance, but also about the faith of the religion. The criticism that Luther has towards the preachers was that they abused authority that they dont preach commandments and promises, and they dont work solely out of serving ones neighbor; they do it seeking their own profit. Luther was also angry with priests who use the word of Christ to make people dislike Jews. He believes that they should pray for the people and teach the people by example. Martin Luthers solutions took the middle course and faced up too how, They want to show that they are free men and Christians only by despising and finding fault with ceremonies. What Luther meant by this was that the religious ceremonies done was not how they used to be; now they entail only the power that the Church has among the people. Luther believed that you should join a church and do as they say not to gain righteousness, but out  of respect for them. He said this by, I will fast, pray, do this and that as men command, not because it is necessary to my righteousness or salvation; but that I may show due respect to the pope, the bishop, the community, a magistrate, or my neighbor. Martin Luther believed of three powers or benefits of faith. One was that Christians are free from the land. If we honor God, he will honor us. He will see us as righteous and truthful people. Faith writes the soul with Christ. Christian soul therefore has all the good characteristics of Christ. Also Luther believes that faith gives us freedom. He states this by writing, It is clear, then, that a Christian has all he needs in faith and needs no works to justify him; and if he needs no need of works, he has no need of the law; and if he has no need of the law, surely he is free from the law. Since we are not perfect on earth, works help keep us moving towards our goal of perfection. Do works freely, only to please God. This is said by, however, we are not wholly recreated, and our faith and love are not yet perfect, these are to be increased, not by external works, however but of themselves. Through work, think only to benefit others. Faith is active through love. Luther stated this by, we should devote all our works to the welfare of others. But works, being inanimate things, cannot glorify God, although they can, if faith is present, be done to the glory of God. What Luther is stating here is if you have enough faith, then you can make the presence of God true. Because works dont lead to righteousness, but with faith works can be done to the glory of God.

The Importance Of Promoting Wellbeing In Children Young People Essay

The Importance Of Promoting Wellbeing In Children Young People Essay What occurs to children in the early years has consequences right through the path of their lives. While there are many occasions to interfere and make a difference to the lives of children and young people, this report suggests that intervening in early childhood is the most effective phase to impact on the future development of the child. This statement explores the factors that effect on life-long health, growth and well-being from environmental, and life path perspectives. Early childhood settings plays an important role in promoting health and a feeling of wellbeing for children, their families and ultimately their communities (Hayden Macdonald, 2000). Therefore the goals of health and wellbeing promotion are supported by parents, staff and early childhood professionals who use early childhood services. There are multiple aspects or dimensions to general wellbeing. For the purpose of this report it is convenient to identify and discuss the most important six areas of health mental, emotional, spiritual, physical, environmental and social. These six areas are overlapping and interrelated, but together provide a useful framework for thinking about childrens growth and development as health, well-rounded individuals. 2. Background The early childhood era sets the phase for how well children view themselves, each other, and their world. Young children actively construct meanings about the world and their place in it, offering alternative but equally valid understandings to adults (Millie Watson, 2009). The communication between careers and children work as building blocks for the growth of children as whole (Hayden et al., 2000). In order to share positive experiences of services delivered for the development of six dimensions of health and wellness in respective childcare settings is the intended objective of this report. 2.1 Health: Towards Wellness and the Six Dimensions Prior to the 1800s, health was simply means the antithesis of sickness (Donatelle, 2006). Therefore, when all parts of body were functioning properly called as a good body having health. However focusing on global health issues at an international conference in 1947, the World Health Organization (WHO) took a landmark step and clarified that what health truly meant: Health is the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (Donatelle, 2006). According to Donatelle (2006), Health is complex and involves the interaction of variegated factors, which includes; Physical refers to the capability of human body structure to function properly Social refers to the capability to interact with other individuals Mental refers to the capability to process information and act properly Emotional refers to the capability to cope, adjust, and adapt Spiritual refers to conviction in some force or dynamic other than humans Environmental consist of  · External: refers to ones surroundings (e.g., habitat, occupation)     · Internal: refers to an individuals internal structure (e.g., genetics) Achieving wellness means attaining the optimal level of wellness for a given persons unique set of limitations and strengths (Donatelle, 2006). 2.2 Wellness and Wellbeing: The importance in early childhood One of the greatest indicators of health and wellness in a community is the extent to which it nurtures healthy children, as they will become the healthy adults citizens who make communities vibrant (McMurray, 2007). While we have long recognized that early experiences have an effect on later life, new findings from longitudinal studies and new brain conceivable techniques, are showing that the initial years of life are serious in the purpose of physical, neurological, cognitive, emotional and social growth (Ferber, 1996). In the meantime, studies on social determinants have exposed that enduring health and well-being is predisposed not only by heredity and lifestyle, but also by economic, social and other environmental factors (McMurray, 2007). These findings recommend that accountability for health extends beyond health check professionals: doctors and nurses. Those who are concerned with promoting healthy environments may be uniformly significant in guiding health outcomes. Early childhood professionals are comprehensible contributors in this ground. 3. Six Dimensions of Wellness The six dimensions of wellness interact continuously, influencing and being influenced by one another. For example, spiritual wellness is associated with social skills, which can help build interpersonal relationships, which are in turn linked to physical wellness and longer life expectancy. The self-esteem that comes with emotional wellness is associated with increased physical activity and healthy eating habits, which support physical wellness. 3.1 Physical wellness Physical wellness is basically the overall well being of a persons physical state. This dimension includes characteristics such as size and shape, sensory acuity and responsiveness, susceptibility to disease and disorders, body functioning, physical fitness, and recuperative abilities (Donatelle, 2006). For good health, children need physical activity. Being active promotes healthy frame, strength and joints, builds patience and muscle force, makes it easier to uphold a healthy load, increases power, and even fosters self-respect. Children of all ages need and want places to play. To support the variety of their physical activities, they need many types of entertaining facilities, both public and private, near their homes and schools (Sallis Glanz, 2006). Children may spend more time being immobile indoors, where they remain inactive. These inactive behaviours such as television viewing and videos are dangerous factors for obesity in youth and reducing such behaviours is another strategy for preventing weight gain in children. Similarly using less fruits and vegetables and greater dependence on convenience foods and fast foods contribute to the epidemic of childhood obesity (Sallis et al., 2006). 3.1.1 Experience of our childcare Centre The standard length of reside in a childrens home is making an impact on individual students, so we recognize it as a challenge. We created modified tactics to give confidence to children (and staff) to eat at smallest amount five servings of fruit and vegetables each day and to connect in one hour of physical activity which consist of play and fun, five days a week. The center also provides hands-on training for forefront staff that helped those serves as role models for healthy performance. The center produced partnerships with other group of people organizations to offer nutrition-related services. 3.2 Emotional Wellness Emotional wellness is an active condition that fluctuates with corporeal, academic, spiritual, interpersonal and social, and environmental wellness (Donatelle, 2006). Sound health results from the contentment of basic needs the need for kindness and love; safety and clarity; social acknowledgment; to feel capable; physical needs and for meaning in life. It includes happiness and happiness, efficient social functioning and the dispositions of hopefulness, openness, curiosity and flexibility (Hood, 2009). The infants achieve their satisfaction of basic needs by: attaching themselves to individual and groups of people who can help them survive and to find out how things around them work; to explore their soundings, so they can eventually learn to keep themselves safe and meet their own needs. And since these two behaviours are so fundamental, not achieving success with them causes distress (emotional dysregulation), which, if sustained, affects mental health (Hood, 2009). 3.2.1 Experience of our childcare center: considerations of Emotional Wellness Promotion, Prevention, and Intervention Staff at our center provides opportunity for involvement and plans with careful notice that successfully maintains emotional wellness. Promotion We provide emotionally supportive environment by holding and singing to infants and play with toddlers, and pay attention to and monitor preschoolers vigilantly. We display problem solving skills by using role play indicating words and verbal communication with toddlers, and assist possible group discussions that direct problem solving skills with preschoolers. Prevention Prevent a lack of communication with families We do proper planning for sharing strategies and information with families to better understand childrens likeness and dislikesness attitudes. Avoid escalated situations We do appropriate planning to make sure that all actors of working group have ordinary visions for anticipation, intrusion and endorsement to provide a complete support scheme. Intervention Awareness of interventions services We keep alert ourselves from the need of intervention services such as mental health and child wellbeing agencies, early intervention programs, and medical intervention services for high threat situations. Construct successful collaborations We provide documented information to the intervention service program to provide a complete picture of the childs needs in order that they correspond efficiently with one another and employ follow up strategies. 3.3 Intellectual Wellness The uniqueness of intellectual health include the ability to think clearly, reason impartially, examine seriously, and use intelligence effectively to meet life challenges. Academic health means learning from successes and mistakes and making sound, responsible decisions that take into deliberation all aspects of a situation (Donatelle, 2006). Children have a talent for being inquisitive about everything around them. So the caregivers should try to regain this inquisitiveness about the world and will be astonished at how much children will learn. 3.3.1 Experience of our childcare center Our centers services in this dimension of wellness are not exhaustive; however we try to improve childrens intellectual wellness. To make an action plan to improve children intellectual wellness, we discover issues related to problem solving, originality, individuality, and learning. We try to figure out to children to read for fun! By choosing books for fun (like filling colours in figures), so they not only gain knowledge of about an exacting topic or concentration, but also learn about how others express themselves. 3.4 Spiritual Wellness According to Bone (2008) Spirituality is a term with many definitions and means different things to different people and often confused with religion but my definition of spirituality is a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..means of connecting people to all things, to nature and the universe. Spirituality adds to my appreciation of the wonder and mystery in everyday life. It alerts me to the possibility for love, happiness, goodness, peace and compassion in the world. Spiritual wellness refers to integrating our beliefs and values with our actions (Donatelle, 2006). A sense of purpose, direction, and awareness form spirituality. 3.4.1 Experience of our childcare center To develop spirituality in children we teach them through fun play and demonstrations and mutual dealings in the setting; To forgive, we replace condemnation or judgmentalism. To love, we replace hatred. To share or to be generous we replace selfishness. To be compassionate, we replace intolerance. To speak kind words we replace contentiousness and meanness. 3.5 Social wellness and wellbeing Social health is a part of psychosocial health which includes our interactions with others and our ability to adopt to range of social situations (Donatelle, 2006). Social wellness is a significant part in every persons life, above all because it helps him be familiar with his normal interdependence with others, despite of the relationship. Donatelle (2006) maintains that people who are more connected to others manage stress more effectively and are much more resilient when they are bombard by life crisis. The shortage of social wellness frequently leads to disruptive behavior and causes incapability to regulate in social environment. The teachers openness to children, parents, and the cultures represented in their classroom influences their overall effectiveness in teaching and their ability to foster childrens social development particularly. When teachers use these strategies, they are more effective in promoting childrens social competence and maintaining a positive learning environment. Therefore, the content of teacher-child interaction should be predominantly related to activities, learning, investigations, and plans (Katz McClellan, 1997). 3.5.1 Experience of our childcare center To develop social wellness, behaviours, and attitudes of children we take the following important steps: Reach out: Offering friendship environment to children as a first step to social wellness- where children of different cultural and social setups interact with each other for knowing and understanding of their mutual needs and develop mutual cooperative attitudes. Promote chosen relationships: Promoting the relationship built between various children and to stay in healthy relationships. These relationships involve children who care about one another and their wellbeing. Since there is trust and compassion, one feels secure and contented, two vital elements for social wellness. Communicate effectively: Effective communication is a first step of initiation of relationship a vital component of social wellness; therefore, we remain in constant interaction with children through play and fun to develop their skills for effective communications. 3.6 Environmental wellness Environmental Wellness means having an understanding of the exterior environment and the role persons play in preserving and improving environmental circumstances. (Donatelle, 2006). An understanding of these connections can be fostered during the early childhood years through play, productive work and daily routines. (Young Elliot, 2003). Opportunities to directly explore the world with all senses are paramount to a childs understanding of their connections to the environment. The role of the adult is crucial in interpreting these connections, both verbally and physically, and in exploring the values that underpin sustainable lifestyles (Young Elliot, 2003). 3.6.1 Experience of our childcare center Our focus on this dimension of wellness and well being is not much thorough; nevertheless we try to give messages to children through play and fun activities relating to: Dont leave water running Demonstrate children about scarcity of water resources and better use of water in daily life. Use of recycled paper bags when shopping To realize children to use paper bags and avoid use of plastic bags due to different biodegradable features of both. Use waste material for play experiences whenever possible such as cloth for sewing, and polishing etc. Care for plants by watering as needed. 4. Conclusion Children change and develop in response to these different health dimensions, so the developmental process plays an important role in shaping and determining their future health and wellbeing. It can be concluded that intervening early in the life course has the greatest prospective to stop or considerably improve some of the health and wellbeing troubles seen in adult life. The most direct way of improving outcomes in childhood and thus influencing the life course is to ensure that all caretaking environments in the early years are consistently nourishing, stimulating, and organize the health and developmental requirements of young children. Therefore when young children spend time outside the home, the caretaking environment needs to be the best we can make it. 5. Recommendations Following the conclusion it is recommended that childcare needs to be conceptualised as an opportunity for learning and socialisation rather than child minding. Actions and policies need to focus on creating a quality early learning environment; this means having staff with appropriate qualifications and training, and child/staff ratios that are appropriate to the developmental needs of the child. Universal and primary care services across the health proportions and education sectors need to be better coordinated with one another, in order to direct various environmental risk factors and respond to the complex needs of children and their families. These services need to be more adaptable, so that they can react to the emerging needs and problems of childrens health and wellness.

Overview of The Cold War :: essays research papers

The Soviet Union and the United States served as Allies during World War II. At the end of the war however each side wanted to deal with the aftermath differently. The United States was in favor of a peaceful and cooperative relationship with Germany and their Allies. The Soviet Union wanted revenge on the crimes and atrocities that were committed against them. The United States wanted to push democracy in Eastern Europe yet the Soviets countered this by saying the United States was hypocritical, since at that time the United States supported the Latin countries that were governed by dictatorships. The Soviets were under the impression that this was an effort to boost the UNITED STATES economy. One of the main reasons the Soviets wanted their revenge is because they lost over twenty million citizens in the war. Even though the United States lost 405, 000, this was not as great as the loss suffered by the Soviet Union. Just like when one person gets mad they have to have it their way or no way at all and the Soviets felt this way. They wanted revenge on Germany and did not want to take no for an answer. As a result of World War II the United States came out the most powerful nation in the world, they had learned from their mistakes, as well as the knowledge of how the war could have been prevented. Therefore the United States believed they knew best and ignored the previous isolation policy. Their attitude toward the Soviets was very cocky because they believed they knew what was best. The United States needed to access raw materials, markets for their goods, and security for investments overseas that could only be met in countries with governments like their own. Th is is another reason the United States wanted to push for democracies overseas. President Truman wanted to have a cooperative relationship with the Soviet Union as long as they did what the United States wanted them to do. He wanted to restrain their expansionist impulses and allow the United States to rebuild Germany and their Allies. Truman knew that he could get away with this because American had a nuclear monopoly which attributed to the United State’s power. Josef Stalin the leader of the Soviet Union wanted to force communism on surrounding nations.

Prevalence of One Party Rule in African States Essay

Africa, often known as the ‘Dark Continent’ rightfully occupies its place as the ‘Cradle of Civilization’ as the first humans have been known to originate from this continent of diverse ethnicities, tribes and clans. Since ancient times, the very nature of African society predicated formation of kingdoms and states centered on ethnicities and clans. Later, the advent of colonialism brought to Africa new forms of governance, which included democratization, socialism, communism and dictatorships. One enduring feature of African style of governance has been the prevalence of one party rule in most African countries. This paper examines why there is such a preference for such single party model of governance in Africa. To fully examine the subject, this paper shall first provide a historical overview of the progression of styles of governance in Africa and then examine the trends in major countries that make up the African continent. The paper will argue that the intrinsic nature of the African society and the effects of colonialism predispose them to following a one party rule. Historical Overview Africa is the world’s second largest continent both in terms of size and population and has 54 countries many of which are struggling democracies, a few communist regimes, and a number of authoritarian regimes bordering on dictatorship. Since ancient times, Africa had its indigenous systems of governance based on tribes and ethnic affinities. Africa also had great civilizations like the Egyptian civilization in 3300 B. C (Martin & O’Meara, 1995, p. 79). The earliest foreign influence came in 814 B. C. with the founding of Carthage in present day Tunisia under the Roman Empire which was followed by Persian domination of Egypt. In 332 B. C. , Alexander the Great replaced the Persian domination of Egypt and Roman rule continued in much of North Africa till the advent of Islam in the early 7th century (Martin & O’Meara, p. 99). In all these cases, the style of governance was centralized, as exercised by the emperor based in Rome or Persia through an appointed sovereign. The influence was limited mostly to North Africa, while the rest of Africa was considered too difficult to traverse due to thick jungles. Thus even in North Africa, from ancient times, the focus was on one –man rule and that more or less ‘conditioned’ the North African people to accept models of ‘uni-power’ in those times. Since the jungles were impassable and large number of tribes and ethnicities abounded, it was natural that rest of Africa had thousands of small kingdoms, states and at times independent nomadic tribes who dominated a particular territory. Each tribe had its own set of rules, customs, traditions and styles of governance, which again was predicated on the rule of one man or a tribal elder. The concept of Greek ‘city-state’ like democracy complete with a senate and an executive was non-existence. Over time, some of the tribes became more powerful and evolved into larger settled kingdoms that coalesced around similar ethnicities and language such as the Ghanaian empire that existed in 790-1076 A. D. followed by the Mali Empire from 1230 to 1600 A. D. (Martin & O’Meara, p. 70) The significant changes in style of governance came with the advent of colonialism. From the 18th century and by the late 19th century, most of Africa was divided up between the colonial powers; France, Britain, Portugal, Germany, Belgium, Spain, Italy and Netherlands. Under colonial rule, the African people had to undergo centralized rule of the colonial powers and the brutal suppression of any African revolt reinforced this submissiveness to a one-man rule. During the colonial period, the colonial powers brought with them their systems of governance, jurisprudence and legislation (Martin & O’Meara, p. 8). Colonialism lost its vigor in the early 20th century and by 1980, most ex-colonies in Africa gained independence. The former colonial powers before exiting from the continent tried to put into place systems of governance in ‘their own image’. Thus across Africa, a variety of ‘democratic’ systems took hold. Most of these ‘democratic systems were basically presidential forms of government, being the closest approximation to what they were used to both as per their pre-colonial experience and their colonial experience. The end of the Second World War gave rise to the Cold War and the Soviet Union tried to expand its influence in Africa also. This gave rise to numerous socialist-communist regimes in Africa that were opposed by the U. S. leading to proxy wars. Having examined the broad trends of the historical period of Africa till the advent of independence, the paper will now examine specific examples of how prevalence of one party rule exists in Africa. It is not intended to cover all 54 countries, but few sample countries that typify the various regions of Africa. For the ease of comprehension and brevity, Africa will be discussed under the heads North Africa, West Africa, East Africa, Central Africa and Southern Africa. North Africa North Africa because of its proximity to Asia had significant influence of Asian and Islamic traditions superimposed on ethnic African traditions and cultures. It is because of the spread of Islam in the 7th century, most of North Africa is Islamic. Islam, an egalitarian religion is considered as a complete body of work wherein all aspects of human life including politics and governance can be practiced through the Quran, the Holy book and the Hadith, the Islamic interpretation of Jurisprudence. Under Islamic law and Islamic political systems, an Islamic state is governed by a Caliph and where a Caliph no longer exists, then by a monarch or a ruler. Ideas such as secularism and democracy have very little congruence with the practice of political Islam. When such a system is overlaid over ancient tribal culture of a village head, it becomes natural that a state be ruled by a monarch or an authoritarian head and if not, the nearest approximation, a single grouping or party. Take for example, Egypt. Egypt, since ancient times was a land ruled by the Pharaohs, then the Persians, Greeks, Romans, Ottomans and the Arabs. In the colonial era, Egypt was ruled by Britain but the largely Islamic populace got independence from Britain in 1922 (Pateman & El-Hamamsy, 2003, p. 28). Egypt was initially a constitutional monarchy and had adopted the British parliamentary system of government but constant political interference from Britain led to internal turmoil that finally resulted in a military coup in 1952 (Pateman & El-Hamamsy, p. 28) in which the monarchy was overthrown and Egypt declared itself to be a Republic under General Muhammed Naquib. Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrew Naguib in 1954 to become the Egyptian President. Nasser, on assuming power banned all political parties and created a one party named the Liberation Rally to run the government. This move helped him consolidate his power and rule Egypt till his death in 1970 after which he was succeeded by Anwar El-Sadat, the vice President (Pateman & El-Hamamsy, p. 29). Sadat carried out political reforms and reverted to a multi-party system (Pateman & El-Hamamsy, p. 31); creating one of the parties called the National Democratic Party and remained the President till he was assassinated in 1981 by a group of Egyptian army officers during an army parade (Pateman & El-Hamamsy, p. 29). Sadat’s successor, Hosni Mubarak is still in office since 1981 and is the present leader of the National Democratic Party. Though by the Egyptian constitution, multi-party system is allowed, due to sustained state patronage, the National Democratic Party is the only party which has the necessary financial and political clout to win elections. There are other smaller parties that have virtually no chance of winning a single election and till to date Egypt is essentially ruled by a single party. Libya, a British colony was declared as a monarchy under King Idris in 1951 but was overthrown by a revolution led by Colonel Muammer al-Gaddafi in 1969 (Wright, 1981, p. 130) who has ruled the country ever since. Political parties were banned by Gaddafi in 1972 and the country is ruled by the ‘revolutionary leader’, Gaddafi aided by a Revolutionary Committee also called as the People’s Congress. Tunisia was a French protectorate that became independent in 1956 and adopted a Presidential form of government, copying the French model, except that it rapidly turned into an authoritarian police state where most ‘Presidents’ have been military personnel. The present incumbent, President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali is a former military officer (Perkins, 2004, p. 7). On paper, political parties are allowed but in reality, it is only the President’s party, the Constitutional Democratic Rally that gets almost all the seats. The rest of the political parties are usually browbeaten into submission by the state’s security system and there is virtually no free press. The farcical nature of Tunisian ‘democracy’ can be gauged by the fact that in the 2009 presidential election, Ben Ali received 89. 62% votes to continue as the President (Lowe & Amara, 2009, p. 1). The ancient kingdom of Morocco, a French and Spanish Protectorate gained independence in 1956 as a constitutional monarchy, a system that continues till to date. Though the King of Morocco has a prime minister, a parliament and a multi-party system, the style of governance continues to be – rule by one man, the King (Forum, 2008, p. 49). West Africa In West Africa, the situation is slightly different. Here more than Islamic influence, it was the effect of local dynamics, ethnic rivalries, Christian missionaries and communist influence that has determined the preference for single party rule. Take for example Liberia, the only other country other than Ethiopia which has an American connection rather than a European past. Liberia was created through a private American enterprise to house freed African American slaves and became independent in 1847. Since, the project was American led; Liberia adopted a presidential form of system. However, the American backed Liberian elite who ruled the country came in conflict with 16 other indigenous ethnicities living in Liberia. Since the regime was thrust ‘top down’ from the Americans, tensions quickly developed and a coup by a group of ethnic military soldiers led by Samuel Doe took place in 1980. Doe replaced the presidential republic with his authoritarian regime. Political parties were allowed to exist but their freedom remained curtailed by the regime which furthered the hold of its own party, the National Democratic Party of Liberia. The 1985 election results in which the opposition Liberal Action Party won were declared invalid by Doe, which led to the Liberian Civil War in 1989. Doe was killed and the power passed into the hands of Charles Taylor (Moran, 2008, p. 106), who continued his dictatorial regime which again led to another civil war in 1999 that continued up to 2003 and only came to halt with Charles Taylor being forced into exile in Nigeria. From 1847 till 2003, Liberia was ruled by the Americo-Liberian elite and their single party. Since 2003, a transitional government was put into place with international intervention, which because of corruption was dissolved and fresh presidential elections were again held in 2005 and was won by Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, the head of Unity Party who became the first woman President of an African country (Polgreen, 2005, p. 1). Nigeria got its independence from Britain in 1960 and had numerous political parties. These political parties were sharply defined along ethnic lines comprising of three main ethnicities; the Hausa, the Igbo and the Yoruba (Rotberg, 2007, p. 19). The Yoruba dominated Nigerian National Democratic Party won the elections in 1965, which led to political dissensions and instability resulting in two military coups in 1966. This did not resolve the problem as the Igbo, dominating the Eastern region of the country declared independence from Nigeria leading to the Nigerian civil war 1967-1970 that led to over a million deaths. The civil war ended but not the ethnic strife and the military continued to rule Nigeria with coups and assassination of the presidents being a regular feature. For thirty years, Nigeria continued under military rule till 1999 when it finally elected Lusegun Obasanjo, a former military dictator as its President. Obasanjo was re-elected in 2003 (Rotberg, p. 13) as the President amidst allegations of rigging. Obasanjo was replaced by Umaru YarAdua of the People’s Democratic Party in 2007 and on his demise now been replaced by Goodluck Jonathan (Nossiter, 2010, p. 1). So while the American model was adopted, the actual functioning of a presidential type of government has been a recent development in Nigeria’s history. At present there are two main parties in Nigeria, the ruling People’s Democratic Party and the opposition All Nigeria People’s Party with numerous smaller parties. What must be noted is that a democratic political system in Nigeria is still nascent and fragile and should ethnic differences arise again it will not be long that another military coup will take place in the interests of ‘national security’. Angola became independent in 1975 after having been a Portuguese colony from the 16th century. Angolan independence came right in middle of the Cold War where Soviet influence in Africa was rising. The independent country was immediately plunged into a civil war between the Soviet backed Communist MPLA faction and the American backed anti-communist UNITA rebels (Sheehan, Yong, & Lin, 2010, p. 38). The Angolan civil war continued for 27 years (Sheehan, Yong, & Lin, p. 43) till declaration of ceasefire in 2002 by which time over 500,000 people were killed. The ideological factions had an ethnic base too wherein the MPLA comprised basically Angolans of the Kimbundu clan and the UNITA, the Ovimbundu tribe. Presently, the Communist MPLA holds power in Angola. As can be deduced, this being a communist regime with no legitimacy, the concept of political parties in a democratic system does not apply. East Africa East Africa including the Horn of Africa portrays a region of extreme instability with a few deceptively stable nations. Sudan, the first country being analyzed, after gaining independence from Egypt and Britain in 1956, was gripped by a civil war till 1973 (Barker, 2008, p. 16). This civil war was basically because of ethnic differences between the people of Northern Sudan (Islamic of Arabic lineage) and Southern Sudan (non-Islamic of non-Arab lineage). While the civil war raged, Khartoum was ruled by the Sudanese military. A ceasefire in 1973 negotiated through granting autonomy to Southern Sudan kept the peace till 1983 when the military general, and the de-facto President, Nimeiry unilaterally decided to incorporate Southern Sudan into a federation. The civil war continued (Barker, p. 18), Nimeiry was ousted in 1983 and replaced by a democratic government under Prime Minister Al Sadig Al Mahdi which was not recognized by the Sudan’s People Liberation Army (SPLA) of Southern Sudan. Civil war continued anew. In 1989, Colonel Omar al-Bashir over threw Prime Minister Al Mahdi, abolished political parties and established an Islamic code on entire Sudan. Al-Bashir formed the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation and allied his group with National Islamic Front to consolidate Islamization of firstly, Northern Sudan and then the rest of the country. In the subsequent military action by the Sudanese army, the SPLA were defeated in Southern Sudan by 1994. Having achieved consolidation, Bashir dissolved the revolutionary council in 1993. In the 1996 election Bashir declared himself to be the only candidate eligible to run for President. All other political parties were disbanded and Bashir converted Sudan into an Islamic state with single party at its helm – the newly created National Congress Party (NCP). Meanwhile, Bashir unleashed a brutal war of suppression on the non-Arab ethnic minorities in the Darfur region using proxy militia known as the Janjaweed that has resulted in deaths of over 400,000 Darfuris (Kessler, 2005, p. 1) leading to an indictment of Al-Bashir by the International Criminal Court for war crimes and genocide. At the tip of the Horn of Africa lies the failed state of Somalia where no functional government exists. Somalia was never formally colonized by any power and had come under a variety of influences ranging from Islamic influence during the Ottoman Empire, Fascist influence under Mussolini’s Italy and then British military administration from 1941 that was replaced by the formation of a republic of Somalia in 1961 with a parliamentary form of government (Lewis, 2008, p. 33). This brief democratic interlude was shattered in 1969 when President Shermake was assassinated and replaced by a military government. The military created the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party in 1976 and ruled the nation till 1990. Meanwhile, various Islamic factions and clans grew in size and potency that overthrew the military government leading to a series of skirmishes through the period, 1990-1991. The long standing military dictator, Siad Barre was ousted in 1991 and President Ali Muhammed was installed, yet the civil war continued. The UN Security Council approved the United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM) in 1992 that has since been replaced by UNOSOM II with no success. Presently, a Transitional Federal Government (Lewis, p. x)is the internationally recognized government of Somalia whose writ does not even run through the entire city of Mogadishu, the capital of Somalia. In the dismal narrative so far, Kenya appears to be a bright democratic spark in the African continent. After achieving independence from Britain in 1963, Kenya adopted a semi-presidential form of government albeit, with the peculiar African preference for single party rule. The Kenyan constitution mandated formation of only a single party in Kenya. Governments continued to be formed under the single party system until 1992 when electoral reforms were introduced to allow a multiparty system. The elections since then have been held in generally free and fair manner. The 2007 elections were marred by allegations of rigging in which the main opposition party, the Orange Democratic Freedom accused the ruling Party of National Unity for stealing the election. In the ensuing rioting, over 1000 Kenyans lost their lives (Raghavan, 2010, p. 1) and hundreds of thousands were displaced. Peace was restored through international mediation in 2008 and the country is presently being run by a grand coalition of members of both the parties under a new constitution (Raghavan, p. 1). Kenya’s relative stability is attributed to the British colonial era, where unlike the rest of Africa, the colonists set up educational institutions and government infrastructure. Also, unlike the other African countries, 78% of Kenyans are Christians while 10% are Muslims, 10% indigenous and the rest 2% are Asian immigrants (CIA World Factbook, 2010, p. 1). Central Africa In Central Africa, the Republic of Congo has been in the news for decades for all the wrong reasons. Congo received independence from France in 1960 and adopted the French presidential model of governance. However, the first President, Fulbert Youlou was ousted in 1963 by a military coup, which then installed a puppet civilian government (Rorison, 2008, p. 225) and also adopted communist ideology. In 1965, the Congo republic formally joined hands with the Soviet Union, firmly coming into the soviet bloc (Rorison, p. 226). This alignment did not bring about political stability as the original French democratic influence clashed with the ‘uni-power’ Soviet ideology leading to a series of coups and dictatorship under Denis Sassou. During his first spell of rule from 1979 to 1992, Sassou ruled Congo under a single party rule of the Congolese Labor Party (PCT) (Rorison, p. 227). When external pressures grew strong, he introduced multiparty system in 1990 and was defeated in the 1992 Presidential election. Sassou’s ouster led to a civil war between the supporters of Sassou and his competitor Pascal Lissouba. Sassou, a former colonel won the civil war and proclaimed himself as the President in 1997. In 2009, Sassou was sworn in for another seven-year period (Amnesty International, 2010, p. 1). In Congo’s case too, for most of its independent history, the country has been ruled by a single party and now despite a multi-party ‘democracy’ in place, the original political party, the PCT continues to rule the country. Southern Africa In Southern Africa, any discussion regarding Africa would remain incomplete without illustrating the case of Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe, originally Rhodesia became independent after a violent struggle with the British in 1980. Throughout the period, 1965-1979, the country was engulfed in a civil war between British government forces and the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) led by Robert Mugabe and the Zimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU) led by Joshua Nkomo as also a number of smaller splinter groups (Raftopoulos & Mlambo, 2009, pp. 141-165). In the 1980 elections, Robert Mugabe won by a wide margin but fighting with opposing parties and groups continued. The two main parties the ZANU and ZAPU fought bitterly until 1988 when ceasefire was declared and the two parties merged into ZANU-PF thus starting Zimbabwe’s slide into single party dominated system (Raftopoulos & Mlambo, p. 179). Till to date the ZANU-PF has won every single election by force. Mugabe’s policies of throwing out the white farmers and forcibly occupying lands and giving it to the poor black resulted in economic sanctions by the West and a meltdown of the economy. Owing to his bad economic policies, hyperinflation struck the country and created political space for Morgan Tsvangirai of the Movement for Democratic Change to challenge him in the 2008 elections. The results were rigged but could not conclusively establish Tsvangirai’s claim of having won the elections. In September 2008, Mugabe maintained his power as the President by agreeing to share power with Tsvangirai who became the Prime Minister (Raftopoulos & Mlambo, p. xxxii). Yet again, the single party rule dominates Zimbabwe. Finally, a discussion of Africa would be incomplete without examining its most prosperous and advanced state – South Africa. In South Africa, the colonial power, the Dutch did not relinquish their hold over the country and continued in the form of Apartheid, which was once again predicated on the dominance of a single party – the White minority party thereby conditioning the people of South Africa to rule by a single party. However, the violent suppression of the minorities could not continue indefinitely and ever since 1961, when South Africa left the British Commonwealth (Berger, 2009, p. 166) the white minority National Party faced constant protest from the black majority for equality. Till 1993, the National Party had banned other political parties (Berger, p. 166) and it was only in the face of sustained international pressure and internal struggle by the black and colored populations that the ban was lifted in 1993 and the African National Congress (ANC) led by Nelson Mandela was allowed to participate in elections. In Mandela, the South Africans found a charismatic leader who exuded the moral authority and statesmanship, which promised to build a future for the suppressed races. Mandela delivered on his promises but also led to consolidation of the ANC as the only party of choice for the people of Africa. The National Party chose to merge with the ANC and this yet again showed the propensity of Africans to prefer single party rule. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be reiterated that analysis of all the regions of Africa shows a remarkable similarity of circumstances that seemed to have shaped their preference for single party rule. The ethnic make up into tribes and clans were at the most basic level, the building blocks for adhering to the instructions of the clan leader or village headman. This obedience in turn was further conditioned by brutal colonial rule, where the colonial masters used every suppressive means to keep the Africans submissive. Suppression and exploitation itself became the rallying point for the African clans to unite and fight for their independence. Since most of the colonial powers only exploited Africa and did not build institutions, the succeeding indigenous governments had no infrastructural back up to employ their people or give immediate succor; naturally, the people fell back to tribal and clan loyalties as rallying forces. Since these points of opposition had to be formed clandestinely, they became sort of secret societies that formed oligarchic groups to fight for independence. On attaining independence the basic dynamics of the groups did not change and they continued as a closed ‘in-group’, which only heightened social inequalities and strife broke out in most cases. As democratic institutions had not been allowed to mature under the colonial period, people tended to cluster around the ‘village headman’, in other words, any leader with some charisma and since one institution that always has a clearly defined leader is the army, most governments became victims of military takeovers. The populace conditioned by colonial repression now became victims of military repression. Military forces needed a ‘democratic fig leaf’ to govern nations and so they set up political parties which were then headed by serving or former military officers to perpetrate the rule of a single party in the states. Parts of Africa that had predominantly Islamic influence adopted Islamic laws, which ideologically are not compatible with democratic secularism. Therefore, these countries by default became ruled by a king or a dictator or by a single party. Where the Cold War intruded the African political space, communist regimes under laid by African tribalism became the dominant feature. In these cases, the political ideology required the rule of the state by a single party. Later, when communist regimes fell, the old habit of single party rule lingered on. Thus the assertion that there is prevalence of one party rule in African states is emphatically proved. However, as can be seen from the examples of African states discussed, the hold of one party system is slowly changing. Multiple parties are emerging as the African people are becoming more aware of the wider world through the process of globalization. They are also realizing the need for multiple choices for governance as a panacea against corruption and despotism. So while the one-party prevalence in Africa may seem predominant at the present, political evolution of the African polity is taking place that will, in time transform into a more inclusive political process across the continent. References Amnesty International. (2010). Congo (Republic of). Retrieved August 11, 2010, from http://www. unhcr. org/refworld/country,,,,COG,,4c03a835c,0. html Barker, G. (2008). Sudan. NY: Marshall Cavendish. Berger, I. (2009). South Africa in World History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. CIA World Factbook. (2010, August 3). Kenya. Retrieved August 11, 2010, from https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ke. html Forum, A. P. (2008). An Audit of Police Oversight in Africa. Cape Town: African Minds. Kessler, G. (2005, April 27). State Dept. Defends Estimate Of Deaths in Darfur Conflict. Retrieved August 10, 2010, from Washington Post: http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/04/26/AR2005042601397. html Lewis, I. (2008). Understanding Somalia and Somaliland: Culture, History, Society. NY: Columbia University Press. Lowe, C. , & Amara, T. (2009, October 26). Tunisian President Wins Fifth Term in Office. Retrieved August 11, 2010, from Reuters: http://www. reuters. com/article/idUSTRE59P03M20091026 Martin, P. M. , & O’Meara, P. (1995). Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Moran, M. H. (2008). Liberia: The Violence of Democracy . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. Nossiter, A. (2010, February 9). Nigerian Parliament Names Acting President. Retrieved August 11, 2010, from New York Times: http://www. nytimes. com/2010/02/10/world/africa/10nigeria. html Pateman, R. , & El-Hamamsy, S. (2003). Egypt. NY: Marshall Cavendish. Perkins, K. J. (2004). A History of Modern Tunisia . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Polgreen, L. (2005, November 12). In First for Africa, Woman Wins Election as President of Liberia. Retrieved August 10, 2010, from New York Times: http://www. nytimes. com/2005/11/12/international/africa/12liberia. html Raftopoulos, B. , & Mlambo, A. (2009). Becoming Zimbabwe: A History from the Pre-Colonial Period to 2008. Harare: Weaver Press. Raghavan, S. (2010, August 6). Kenyans Celebrate Approval of New Constitution. Retrieved August 10, 2010, from The Washington Post: http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/05/AR2010080500525. html Rorison, S. (2008). Congo. Guilford: The Globe Pequot Press Inc. Rotberg, R. I. (2007). Nigeria: Elections and Continuing Challenges. NY: Council for Foreign Relations. Sheehan, S. , Yong, J. L. , & Lin, Y. J. (2010). Angola. NY: Marshall Cavendish. Wright, J. (1981). Libya: A Modern History. Beckenham: Croom Helm Ltd.

Climate Change Effects On Water Resources Environmental Sciences Essay

The last two decennaries climate alteration is increasing due to the alteration of human activity such as autos, planes, mill and other beginnings we use that adds nursery gases to the ambiance. Because of these human causes the Earth is heating up. One consequence that clime alteration has is the consequence the alteration will hold upon human H2O fresh water resources. I believe that clime alteration will hold an consequence on human H2O resources because of the close connexions with the hydrological rhythm, the raising temperature will increase in inundations and drouths that will take to the demand on more freshwater resources. Climate alteration has close connexions with the hydrological rhythm. The hydrological rhythm is located in the Earths hydrosphere this is the country in around Earth which holds all the H2O. The H2O is moved around the Earths hydrosphere in a rhythm. The hydrological rhythm is moved in five different stairss – vaporization, precipitation, condensation, overflow, aggregation and infiltration. The as you can see in Figure 1 the hydrologival rhythm all starts of with vaporization this is the alteration of liquid H2O to H2O vapor. The following measure is condensation this is the procedure of altering H2O vapor, from a liquid and so to organize clouds as you can see from the clouds in figure 1. This procedure can be notice for illustration when you look out for dew on the land in the forenoon. As the clouds you see in the sky move around Earth distributing the H2O vapor from topographic point to topographic point. The clouds become over laden with wet so they have to let go of th e overladen wet. They release the wet by a procedure called by precipitation which is normally rain, hail or snow. Infiltration occurs they when all the precipitations lay on the land. If there is to much precipitation on the land this becomes overflow. Runoff stays on the Earth land and runs into watercourses, rivers, lakes and oceans. So when the precipitation run into the these watercourses, rivers, lakes and oceans this procedure is called aggregation. As infiltration, overflow and aggregation are being processed, the Sun is doing a the rhythm to return back to the begaining of the rhythm to the procedure called evaporation.Sunlight heats up the liquid in watercourses, rivers, lakes and oceans. The warm air rises upwards into the ambiance and becomes the vapor involved in condensation. Without this procedure life on Earth would be impossible. Fresh water that we use in or twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours lifes normally comes from Aquifer, Streams, Rivers, Lakes. Aquifer are constructed when stones of the upper portion of the Earth ‘s crust contain holes or pores. Thesiss holes are large or joined together so that H2O can flux through them easy. This is a portion of stone that is easy for H2O to go through through known as permeable. Streams normally get most of its H2O from overflow, rain and thaw snow. A watercourse is formed when the rain and runing snow met at the same topographic point and acquire into a line of channel. Streams usely flows into lakes, rivers, aquifer and seas. Rivers are a natural watercourse of fresh water resource. Water within the river is by and large collected from precipitation through surface overflow, groundwater recharge, springs and the release of stored H2O in ice and runing glaciers. Lakes are normally filled with deep fresh water or salt H2O. Lakes are inland usly on mountains countries and are non portion of the Ocean. They are filled by rivers or watercourses that connect to them. Some Lakes can be adult male made and are constructed for industrial or agricultural usage and even for hydro- electric power or domestic H2O supply. Water is one of the most importent inputs the human organic structure demands for us worlds to get by with mundane life. We need it for so many things e.g. wellness, turning nutrient, irrigation, industry. Despite the importance of Freshwater Resources decreasing, we are get downing to take the fresh water resources for granted. Most of the fresh water we use is wasted and polluted. Because the hydrological rhythm temperature is lifting it will take to a alteration in the horological rhythm, This will hold an impact on the conditions. The dry seasons will go alot more drier and the wet seasons will go alot more wetter. Leaving us with more inundations and drouths. This alteration will therefore will leave the handiness and quality of H2O. Some of the states on this Earth already hold a difficult enouch clip acquiring H2O because of increaseing industrial pollution and population growing. Climate alteration merely adds to the job to the quality of H2O, which in some parts of the universe the cut down rainfall and lifting temperatures decrease the fresh water. By the twelvemonth 2025 most of worlds populating in states with hapless H2O quality degrees will increase from about 34 per centum ( in 1995 ) to 63 percent.R K Pachauri ( 2005 ) The alteration in accessing H2O stressed countries will hold a possible struggle. As there will be a pressured demand on fresh water because of family, agricultural and industrial utilizations. These struggles will happen in H2O stressed countries contending against countries of natural springs and rivers every bit good as this it will take to conflict on boundary countries for illustration the part of Northern Kenya and the Samburu is holding to get by with the altering forms of rainfall and dry periods which with other force per unit areas on the natural resources are taking to increasing struggle among tribal groups over entree to scarce water.Smith ( 2006 ) 2 Discussion Most of the Earth has 70 % of ocean. While merely 30 % of the Earth is land. Around 84 % of the universes population is populating on dry land. Worlds are seeking to repair this by Reconstruction the hydrological rhythm system by constructing dikes and making waste H2O intervention workss etc. These elements will supply H2O for agribusiness, family, Industrial, environmental and other utilizations. But these alterations will besides take to some defects in old ages to come. India is one of the most effected by clime alteration. The snow ice caps of the Himalayas is sing less snow because of snow thaw. The glaciers is runing and there is marks of addition implosion therapy. The increasing rise temperatures is get downing to dry up the rivers. The Himalayas holds the largest sum ice on the Earth. Research workers have figure out that there is a strong combination between snow and the temperature. In recent old ages the Himalayas have experienced warm periods in the old ages between 1960- 1990, doing a decrease in snow autumn. Glaciers has been watched by research workers in the the past old ages. The United Nations clime study predicts by 2035 some Himalayan glaciers will vanish with the lifting temperatures. Because of the glaciers runing the thaw ice will run off into rivers such as the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers and some feeders coming from the Himalayan ice field. This will do deluging to riverside citations e.g. Varanasi, Kanpur and Patna. These metropolis ‘s have a population of 1000000s and have already see inundations during high monsoon season and it will be ongoing. Deluging will besides do break for the farming countries in northern parts of India and cause harm to the roads and rail manner line. The dikes such as the dike in Kosi autonomic nervous systems Sutlej could over flux doing more devastation to corn fields and colonies. When the point of no ice is reached by 2035 the ice thaw will hold either stopped because of a solution to climate alteration or be dried up because of the continued temperature lifting. If the ice does get down to understate the river will go weaker and drier during the monsoon oral cavities and summer. As the earths temperatures rises from about 14 grades C based in 2000 to a estimated 19 grades C in 2100 the undermentioned effects will be cause by the addition ; Agricultural, Household, Industrial, Environmental and wellness sea degrees will lift to an estimated 3.9 in to estimated 35 by 2100. Some parts of the coastal citations around India e.g. Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and other parts of the universe will be submerged. Even most of the island around India will be covered in H2O. The island of Lohachara is the first island in the universe to be covered in H2O due to climate alteration. The island is located on the southern border of the Ganges delta in the bay of Bengal. Its 10,000 occupants became the first refugees created because of clime alteration. There is a group of 27 island called Lakhadweep around the Arabian sea off the seashore of south Indian province Kraal. They have a population of about 61,000 people populating on them. The low prevarication islands are in immense danger of being covered in H2O every bit good. India is one of the universe biggest state that effects the nursery consequence. With the increased temperatures they will make a addition in precipitation. Rising the procedure of vaporization ensuing from warmer sea temperatures in the Indian ocean and Arabian Sea will increase that destroy procedure around the West Indian Rajasthan Desert Equally good as the H2O resources being shorten because of clime alteration there is besides another job and that is that normally boundary states sometime portion the same H2O resource. There is some indenture that there has been conflict over fresh water shared by two or more states. Freshwater is really of import to all the universes Humans activity, including the Agricultural, Household, Industrial and Environmental. But bad direction and the impact of clime alteration can take to tenseness ‘s between different states. For some old ages the counties such as India and Bangladesh have encountered struggle on river resources. It all started In 1993 when India and Bangladesh came under force per unit area when the Ganges River started to make its record depressions. Because the H2O degree was low it affected Bangladesh agricultural and killed most of its harvests. In October 1995, The Prime Minister of Bangladesh addressed the United Nations ( UN ) .The premier curate called Indiais portion of river H2O resources ia gross misdemeanor of human rights and justice.i Indiais constitution of the Farrakka Barrage which is a bombardment built near the boundary line of Bangladesh. The bombardment was build was to separate H2O for the Calcutta port. But Bangladesh says that because of this separation it has resulted in falling H2O tabular arraies and greater H2O resources for Bangladesh. India has a different position of the issue. Indian leaders says that Bangladesh was incorrect in depicting this issue. Bangladesh has asked India for a iminimum guaranteei understanding which will give Bangladesh a minimal flow of H2O. In 1996 India and Bangladesh agreed in the understanding so the iTreaty on the Sharing of the Waters of the Gangi was signed. Some political leader were unhappy about the understanding. But it was accepted my most political leaders. Since the pact Bangladesh continues to hold a figure of jobs. Some of the understandings that was agreed in the pact have non been met. How are we traveling to repair this job is the inquiry we need to inquire ourselfs I can see from my research that some attempts are being made to better direction in freshwater resources. Different organiseions have been developed to assist the mather of clime alteration for illustration, the United Nation ( UN ) have organised the first H2O conference to take topographic point in 1977 and developed an action program to take action on the improved direction and development of H2O resources and the UN designated 2003 as the international twelvemonth of freshwater resources. The mission of the organision is to increase consciousness of the importance of fresh water usage, direction and protection, provide an chance to alter the execution of the rules of incorporate H2O resources direction, utilize the twelvemonth as a platform for advancing bing activity and spearheading new enterprises in H2O resources at the international, regional and national degrees, and Launch the universe H2O d evelopment study at the 3rd universe H2O forum in Kyoto. The World Summit on Sustainable Development ( WSSD ) 2002 has emphasised on the development of an incorporate H2O resources direction and H2O efficiency plan.DEVELOPMENT ( 2003 ) . Global Water Partnership ( GWP ) Is a web of bureaus and intuitions to advance iintegrated H2O resource managementi in developing states. It facilitates the exchange of cognition, experience and practise related to H2O resources management.Partnership ‘s ( 2010 ) . World Water Council ( WWC ) is an international think-tank for H2O issues. It nonsubjective is to iincrease protagonism for improved H2O resources managementi . WWC has been organizing the World Water Forum ( WWF ) bi-annually. The 3rd Forum was held in Japan in March 2003.Council ( 2010 ) . European Water Association Act as a focal point for the exchange of information related to H2O and H2O activities.Association ( 2010 ) 3 Decision I can reason that because of clime alteration and the hydrological rhythm it is holding a little long term consequence on human H2O resources. I can see that it has close connexions with the hydrological rhythm. Because of this it will increases implosion therapy, create dry lands and brush struggle within states. More acceleration to the hydrological rhythm may ensue in more terrible conditions and utmost conditions.Anne E. Egger ( 2003 ) If we do n't turn to this issue there will be farther more jobs in the hereafter and lead to even more drouths and implosion therapy. Harmonizing to the Comprehensive Assessment Of Water Manage in Agriculture, one in three people are already facing H2O deficits ( 2007 ) . Almost one-fifth of the worldis population, live in countries of physical scarceness. Climate alteration has a close connexion between hydrological rhythm. Rising temperatures will increase the altering liquid to vapour and take to the additions in rainfall and snowfall. Because of this the overall supply of freshwater resources will increase, Droughts and inundations will go on more often and alterations in snowfall and snow thaw are expected in cragged countries more often. Reading about clime alteration has made me let go of that we take our fresh water for granted and do n't believe about what will go on if we lose the fresh water. Will we hold to present H2O charges maintain better H2O systems.