Complicated Justice in Moby Dick and Billy Budd by Herman...

Complicated Justice in Moby Dick and Billy Budd by Herman Melville Donald Yannella, author of New Essays on Billy Budd, says that â€Å"at the heart lies an obsession with justice, as is exhibited in Herman Melville’s classics, Moby Dick and Billy Budd, Sailor. Herman Melville was an American author born on August 1, 1819 in New York, New York. The author wrote many books and penned poetry in his later years. Best known for his novel Moby Dick, Melville was not regarded as one of America’s greatest writers until after his death on September 28, 1891. Not achieving his dream job, and with his family in shambles, he boarded the St Lawrence in 1839. His time spent at sea would prove to be useful, as the majority of his books take place on the high seas. His most famous book, Moby Dick, features the observant narrator, Ishmael, aboard the Pequot, a ship captained by the menacing one-legged Captain Ahab. Having lost his limb in a previous voyage to an enormous sperm whale named Moby Dick, Ahab scans the seven seas in manic search of revenge against the giant. Queequeg, Ishmael’s menacing best friend, and the rest of the crew are subjected to extreme jeopardy and later death due to Ahab’s monomaniacal disregard for bad omens and danger. The whale slices the boat clean in half and none survive to tells of its greatness except Ishmael. Left unfinished at Melville’s death in1891, Billy Budd, Sailor was not published until 1921. Raymond M Weaver found it in manuscript form while

Gandhi s Plan Of Civil Disobedience Essay - 1860 Words

Throughout history, many conflicts have happened, some with resolution, and other without. We often tend to think of solving conflicts with war, since most of our history classes are based around World War I, World War II, and so forth, but many conflicts were fought, and successfully won using nonviolent resistance. Many people would use Gandhi as a well known example. Gandhi’s plan of civil disobedience revolved around this big idea called â€Å"satyagraha,† which he explains as, â€Å"a satyagrahi should always possess civility and humility, qualities that indicated self-control and an humble approach to truth† (Gandhi 50). He later explains that satyagraha is â€Å"truth-force† and that truth is soul and spirit, or â€Å"spirit-force.† â€Å"It excludes the use of violence because man is not capable of knowing the absolute truth and, therefore, not competent to punish† (51). He used this strategy to fight for indian independence. Many oth er incidents in the world have been fought using civil disobedience, including Women’s Suffrage. â€Å"Passed by Congress June 4, 1919, and ratified on August 18, 1920, the 19th amendment guarantees all American women the right to vote† (19th Amendment). Women fought for decades trying to gain their equal right to vote, and it was a long and difficult path. The tactics that were used by women of the National Woman s Party (NWP) were creative and multifaceted. The leaders drew inspiration from many different sources such as: the early Women’s Rights Campaigns inShow MoreRelatedMahatma Gandhi And Civil Disobedience1015 Words   |  5 PagesMahatma Gandhi and Civil Disobedience Mahatma Gandhi once said, â€Å"Happiness is when what you think, what you say, and what you do are in harmony† (Mahatma Quotes). Happiness to Gandhi was standing up for what he and others believed in. Gandhi’s personal life caused him to choose to participate in civil disobedience to protest Salt Acts law by the British, and he did achieve success eventually by using this controversial method of standing up for what he strongly believed to be right. Civil disobedienceRead MoreGandhi s Influence On Indian Politics937 Words   |  4 Pages29).Gandhi believed non-violence was an act of â€Å"pure love† in the face of hate and his legacy vividly survives through the cultures he inspired. In this essay, I will assess the ways his non-violent teachings influenced other political struggles along with the advantages and disadvantages as a result. After gaining freedom from Great Britain, the people of India finally possessed the proper â€Å"knowledge, the resources, and the social institutions† (Koshal 312), to develop and progress. 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Gandhi is acknowledged as the Father of the Nation or Bapu due to his astonishing contributions towards the independence of India, by becoming an amazing freedom fighter who led India as a leader of Nationalism, against British rule. Gandhi was one of such that believed in nonviolence, the unity of people, and bringing spirituality upon Indian politics. He worked incrediblyRead MoreQuetext. About Faq Contact. Early Days Mahatma Gandhi Was1353 Words   |  6 Pagesdays Mahatma Gandhi was the primary leader of India’s independence movement and also the architect of a form of non-violent civil disobedience that would influence the world. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, popularly known as Gandhi, was born to Putlibai on October 2nd, 1869 in Porabandar,India. His father, Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi served as the Diwan chief minister of Porbandar state. The Indian classics, especially the stories of and king Harishchandra, had a great impact on Gandhi in his childhoodRead MoreWho Is The Leader Of The Indian National Congress?1507 Words   |  7 Pages At first glance, these two historical figures could not seem more distant. Mohandas Gandhi campaigned a universal and tolerant version of religion and upheld these beliefs through his political movement. In contrast, Osama bin Laden has been credited for creating an antagonistic and combative interpretation of traditional Islam that led to some of the most gruesome acts of terror observed in the twenty first century. Although both of their ideals stand on opposite ends of the spectrum, theyRead MoreGandhi s Early Self Identification1690 Words   |  7 Pagesdays Mahatma Gandhi was the primary leader of India’s independence movement and also the architect of a form of non-violent civil disobedience that would influence the world. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, popularly known as Gandhi, was born to Putlibai on October 2nd, 1869 in Porabandar,India. His father, Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi served as the Diwan chief minister of Porbandar state. The Indian classics, especially the stories of and king Harishchandra, had a great impact on Gandhi in his childhoodRead MorePolitical Events Before Pakistan Making From 1942-19471014 Words   |  5 Pageswere Congress and Muslim league both reject this proposal. Thus, the plan was failed. 8 August Quit India Movement: On 8 August, 1942 the Quit India movement (â€Å"Bharat Chhodho Andolan†) was a civil disobedience movement started by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. It was a movement declared by All India congress committee, during the Second World War wanted to end the British Rule in India after the Failing of Cripps of mission. Gandhi make a call â€Å"Do or Die† in his speech delivered in Mumbai at Gowalia

Global Patterns and Predictors of Marine Biodiversity

Question: Discuss about the Global Patterns and Predictors of Marine Biodiversity. Answer: Introduction: The goods and services provided by the intertidal shores are critical for the proper functioning of life support system of this planet. They have a significant direct and indirect contribution in human welfare and therefore add an economic value to the ecosystem. Intertidal shores have always been desirable area to live, work and play since beginning of times. In earlier times, estuaries and inlets were places of shelter and staging areas for growing food. As trading developed they provided port for transport and vessel protection. With industrial revolution, ports were used not only for transport of raw material and finished goods but also for water extraction and discharge of wastes. Then in the post material society, recreational activities increased and inland waterways, beaches, coral reefs and cliffs became areas of leisure activities (Wilson J 2005). They also provided valuable fisheries, wildlife environment, and nutrient cycling. The intertidal shores provides us with specie s to measure environmental quality like dogwelk and mussel and barnacle used to monitor climate change. It is useful for educational (e.g taxonomy like profera, annelids, coelenterates, mollusks, crusteaceans, arthropods, etc) and experimental purposes (e.g. physiology, form and function). Other animals seen are starfish, sea urchins and corals. The areas it provides are steep rocky cliffs, sandy beaches or wetlands. The marine ecosystem has been subjected to numerous threats over the years. These threats range from over exploitation, pollution, non-native species invasions, habitat destruction and fragmentation and global climate change. But pollution is by far the greatest threat to marine environment. There are three main sources of pollution of the marine environment - coastal sources, atmospheric deposition and offshore inputs. Many pollutants enter the sea from these mentioned sources and pollute the marine environment. e.g. Hydrocarbon compounds or petroleum hydrocarbons/oil the hydrocarbons are further divided into four chemical types alkanes, aromatics, naphthenes and alkenes. Crude oil consists of a mixture of these classes. When crude oil enters the sea, accidently from vessels or willingly from refineries, it floats, though part of it sinks and part evaporates. This crude oil and its refined products cause physio-chemical changes toxication of the marine environment. It reduces the light reaching the floral and faunal organism for photosynthesis, birds feathers get coated with oil and it loses its water-proofing quality because of which they sink and drown. The chemical constituents of oil like benzene, toluene and xylene are extremely toxic. These constituents accumulate in sediments and fish and over time become a threat to the benthic organisms. persistant toxic substances (PTS) consists of a wide variety of substances that are have been there since a long time, are noxious but persist for less time because of continuous use and removal, all of which leads to their chronic exposures. e.g. perfluorooctanyl sulfonates used in surface treatment of fabrics, brominated flame retardants in electronic goods. The persistent toxic substance contains some constituent which is harmful and not degradable known as persistent organic pollutants (POP). The POPs mostly contain a halogen or chlorine group making them less soluble in water and highly soluble in lipid which leads to its accumulation in fat containing tissues. They are semi-volatile due to which they can transport to long distance through atmosphere e.g. tributyl tin, dibutyl tin and monobutyl tin. Heavy metals nominal amount of most heavy metals are essential for critical metabolic functions but high concentrations has detrimental effects. But some heavy metals like lead, mercury and cadmium have no known benefit but has severe adverse impact. Heavy metals are not degradable, accumulate in tissues and cause acute or chronic toxic effects. The toxic effects depends on the type of metal and their effects. Heavy metals enters into marine ecosystem by means of influx or atmospheric deposition or direct discharges from industry (Researchgate.net 2008). Water covers more than 70 % of the earths surface and contains more than 90% of the living biomass. Marine ecosystem provides oxygen, food, rain, buffers the weather and regulates the global temperature but still it is being threatened by human activities. Because of the growing concerns for marine condition and development, numerous legal regimes have come up to address the problems of marine environment like pollution, biodiversity loss, protection of endangered species and marine mammals. The international environmental law comprises of treaties and customary laws. Though both these source of law provide support and have distinct legal obligation on states but in practice treaty is more viable and dominant. Several conferences and events like the 1972 Stockholm conference on the human environment, the 1982 United Nations convention on the law of the sea, the territorial sea, the exclusive economic zone, the high seas, protection and preservation of the marine environment led to th e international environmental law. Area within national jurisdiction and areas beyond national jurisdiction are to be protected and conserved with the help of regulatory laws. Marine protected areas (MPA) have been developed where human activities are limited. These MPAs are important to safeguard the irreversible biodiversity loss. In June 2011, the United Nation established an adhoc open-ended informal working group to understand problems concerning conservation and sustainable use of marine diversity. Then a multilateral agreement known as United Nations convention on the law of sea (UNCLOS) was agreed to and a package approach was adopted. The package approach included issues like marine genetic resources, area-based management tool and environment impact assessments, capacity building and transfer of marine technology (FIELD 2012). Alien species are species that enter into an ecosystem intentionally or non-intentionally where they do not belong. The alien species can be plants, crustaceans, algae, fishes, molluscs, bacteria and viruses. Most of the alien species enter into the marine ecosystem through ballast water from commercial shipping operations (marinebio.org n.d.). When these alien species enter into a new habitat which is fit for their survival, they quickly dominate the natural wildlife and throw the ecosystem out of balance. The alien species spread rapidly due to several reasons like high dispersal ability, rapid reproduction and growth, phenotypic plasticity, ability to survive on different types of food and in different environmental conditions e.g. Bonamia ostrea, a parasitic rhizaria caused lethal infection known as bonamiosis in European flat oyster, Ostrea edulis. Bonamia ostrea initially spread in the wild and cultivated stocks of native oysters in River Fal, United Kingdom. Around the same ti me, it was detected in Essex and Helford river. By 1986, bonamiasis had further spread to Poole, the Solent and its adjacent harbour. Controls were applied initially to prevent the spread of the pathogen by preventing movement of live shellfish. Bonamiasis remained confined to areas in England until 2005, when it was reported in Northern Ireland by Lough Foyle. In 2006, it was reported in Wales and Scotland. Subsequently 9 zones were designated as infected with the disease (Laing I et al 2014). Subtidal reefs are made up of rocks e.g. limestone, granite, basalt which always remains submerged, even at low tides. It can be found in deep and shallow waters and gives an environment where many plants and animals are able to survive. Two subtidal reefs are Shallow subtidal patch reef in Indonesia coral reefs are biologically diverse and provide a productive marine ecosystem. These coral reefs are usually surrounded by mangroves and seagrasses. The transition zones between these coral reefs and the mangroves and seagrasses are known as coral bommies. A coral bommie is an isolated coral reef patch surrounded by sand or rubble. They harbour a diverse ecosystem for fish and invertebrate communities. Fish is an integral part of the coral reef as they help in movement of material and energy between the reef and seagrass. Coral reef provides both shelter from predators and food source to the fish. Some fishes remain on the patch reef for their entire life and some use it during a life-stage like a nursery habitat. Other fishes are transient and make diurnal or tidal migration between reef zone and patch reef zone. These coral bommies are susceptible to global climate change especially because in the shallower zone there is a greater fluctuat ion in temperatures. So steps are being taken to reduce this problem by constructing artificial reefs to alleviate habitat loss and constructing these artificial reefs also helps to know the optimum size, composition and distribution required to increase the diversity and abundance of these fishes and invertebrate communities (Ahmadia G n.d.). Subtidal rocky reefs in Victoria Parks in Australia - it is composed of rocks found in both shallow and deep waters. Erosions from waves creates rock overhangs and crevices where creatures take shelter. Subtidal rocky reefs are home to variety of plants and animals of the marine environment. The shallow reefs contain extensive communities of plants which form the kelp forests and the deep reefs have brilliant colours due to diverse sponges and marine invertebrates. The Victorian reef also contains bright corals and some big fish. These reefs are important for the survival of some commercial species like abalone and rock lobsters. The problems faced by these subtidal rocky reefs are fishing and removal of animals and plants, marine pests like Japanese kelp and northern pacific sea star which compete with resident marine life for food and space, trampling of plants and animals by people visiting the park, damage of the anchor, climate effect changes like rise of sea level, warming of s ea surface and increase in acidity of oceans. The parks management has established an adaptive management framework with five stages to maintain and restore the natural marine habitat (Parkweb.vic.gov.au n.d.). Every living thing on this earth requires some special conditions to survive and reproduce like sunlight, air, food, energy. But the deep sea creatures lead a far more challenging life and their needs are more complex than just food and sunlight. The deep sea creatures faces challenges everyday like high pressure, little oxygen, no sunlight, little food, darkness and extreme cold to name a few. Deep sea female angler fish release a scent which is picked up by the dwarfed male angler fish which has large eyes and nostrils. The male angler fish hooks to female by its mouth and releases enzymes to enable fusion of the two. Another example is that of ceratias holboelli where the female fish is half a million times heavier than male fish. This drastic difference in the sizes is very important in reduction of the impact of attachment for the female fish. The attachment may be temporary or permanent. Some female species mate by using their light organ photophores which attracts males. And s ome species are hermaphroditic. Through these mechanisms, the male gains access to the females circulatory system and survives by taking nutrients from female blood. This is a parasitic relationship where both sexes benefit. Though most of the deep sea creatures have yet to be explored, these creatures have found a mechanism for reproduction and growth (Piechowski M 2013). Genetics and the Matrine Environment Advances in genetic technologies have increased our knowledge in medical field and helped in biotechnological research. Genetic technologies has helped to understand the pattern and processes that influence the marine life. Though use of genetic technology in marine systems is still not fully developed but some progress has been made in recent years. Genetic approaches have increased our understanding of different aspects of deep sea dynamics like species population, migration, population differentiation. E.g. sewalls wrights island model, fantasy island model. e.g. The next generation sequencing (NSG) has helped in gain information about the genome, transcriptome and metabolome of marine species. The study of genetic variation of model fish system has provided us with data on adaptation and persistence mechanisms useful in biodiversity assessment and conservation of marine ecosystems. E.g. genomics of bottlenose dolphin, tursiopstruncates, helped us understand the nervous system of dolphins and the similarities it has with other large brain mammals like humans. Another example is how sequencing of African coelacanths genes helped understand how fish may have first adapted to life on land and later gave rise to amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. Transcriptome analysis is used when gene sequence is not available. It was recently performed on Atlantic herring, fish found in marine waters and great source of protein in Europe and North America. This fish can survive in salinity and can reproduce in both north Atlantic and the Baltic sea. The SNP and other studies showed that there is very little genetic differentiation between geographically distant and morphologically distant forms. Large scale techniques like transcriptomic and proteomic have helped in better understanding of phenotypic variability and functional genomics (Huete-Preze J Quezada F 2013) We know that fisheries business have attained a great high nowadays. Because of the increased demand for fish especially shellfish globally, it becomes important to manage the exploited wild stock and help in stock identification. Genetic techniques are used in fisheries management for identification of markers for stock discrimination. This discrimination helps to understand how fish especially shellfish species have same genetics as isolated reproductive populations. This information helps in management of fisheries because usually local populations are thought worthy of conserving because they contribute to genetic diversity, which may latter be used to increase their productivity in environmental conditions that keeps on changing. Genomics helps in conservation and management of natural populations. Genomics also helps to increases the neutral genetic markers for a number of species. This helps to better estimate the effect of demographic changes on populations. Genomics also helps in structuring unknown species to known Baseline population e.g. mixed stock analysis. Genomics also helps in studying the genetics which help in local adaptation in species. Genomics helps in genetic identification of pathogenic organisms in commercially viable species and to understand the expression of growth factors. e.g. Atlantic salmon is an important specie in fisheries management. Genetic techniques in Atlantic salmon targeted both DNA RNA. An microarray containing cDNA obtained from salmon and data from rainbow trout EST database has been used to investigate salmonoid several disease response and disease resistance and immune response. It has been used to study genes involved in maturation and development of rainbow trout ovarian and testicular tissues, Marine biotechnology is the application of biotechnological tools on marine products and species. Drug discovery is the most known and promising application of marine biotechnology. Biochemical obtained by marine species, algae and bacteria exhibit very different properties from those produced by land animals. Drugs derived Marine species include antibiotic from fungi, two compounds obtained from a sponge that can treat cancer and herpes virus and a neurotoxin obtained from a snail that is 10000 more potent in reducing pain as compared to morphine without side-effects. Marine derived compounds have been used in cosmetics, nutritional supplements, artificial bone and industrial products, novel glues and heat resistant enzymes Marine biotechnology is used in aquaculture for improving the production of aquatic species, for conventional fish breeding to enhance the desired traits in fish, to study about diseases in aquatic species and help them develop resistance to it, to enhance the gr owth rate of fishes, several products extracted from aquatic life is being put to different use like seaweed extract for thalassotherapy, agar-agar, alginate, etc (Mayekar T et al n.d.) Biodiversity in general terms means the number of species types in a particular ecosystem. Marine biodiversity refers to the numerous specie types found in oceans and seas. Marine biodiversity is very important for human health and well-being. The three major patterns affecting marine diversity are sea surface temperature, habitat availability and pollution. Ocean temperature especially from climate change affects the distribution of sea life. Increased temperature and stratification affects the productivity of phytoplankton. Any change in phytoplankton timing, abundance or species has an effects on the whole food web. Due to global warming, the southern species have started moving towards the poles and the northern species have started retreating (Marbef.org n.d.). Marine ecosystem have been experiencing increased habitat loss and degradation and these two processes are critically affecting the marine diversity. Between 1960 and 1995, every day one kilometre of coastline was developed, thereby causing permanent loss of valuable habitat e.g. coastal wetlands, rocky shores and seagrass meadows. Loss of habitat causes reduction in the species and number of fishes. Some environmental changes occur when there is loss of natural habitat and it leads to arrival and colonisation of opportunistic species which benefit from these conditions (Marbef.org n.d.). Pollution occurs in the marine ecosystem due to human activities, chemicals, industrial activities, offshore oil and gas production, marine oil transportation, agricultural and urban activities. Pollution from direct and indirect sources causes steady degradation of marine ecosystems. Though it is difficult to assess the effect of pollutants on marine environment, but it can be established that over a long time it causes stress that suppresses immune system and makes the species sensitive to infectious agents and parasites. The genetic tools have enhanced our ability to analyse the marine population, to speculate on hidden biodiversity, temporal and spatial structuring of gene flow. DNA extraction is used to study biodiversity, metagenetic analysis provides information about taxonomic composition and spatial diversity of communities in marine ecosystem (Carugati L et al 2015). References Medlin k et al n.d., Molecular tools for the study of marine microbial diversity [Online], Encyclopedia of life support systems, Available from https://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C17/E6-58-08-06.pdf. [Accessed 22/01/17] Tittensor D et al (2010), Global patterns and predictors of marine biodiversity across taxa, Nature, 466, pp 1098-1103. Piechowski M 2013, Reproduction in the deep seas [Online] Miami.edu, Available from https://sharkresearch.rsmas.miami.edu/conservation/reproduction-in-the-deep-sea. [Accessed 23/01/17] Ahmadia G (n.d.), The ecology and biology of shallow subtidal patch reefs in Indonesia [Online], opwall.com, Available from https://opwall.com/wp-content/uploads/IH205-The-ecology-and-biology-of-shallow-subtidal-patch-reefs-in-Indonesia.pdf. [Accessed 23/01.17] Parkweb.vic.gov.au (n.d.), Subtidal rocky reefs [Online] Parkwen.vic.gov.au, Available from https://parkweb.vic.gov.au/park-management/environment/ecosystems/marine/subtidal-rocky-reefs. [Accessed 23/01/17] MarineBio.org (n.d.), Alien species [Online] MarineBio Conservation Society, Available from https://marinebio.org/oceans/alien-species/. [Accessed 23/01/17] Laing I et al (2014), Epidemiology of Bonamia in the UK, 1982 to 2012, The crown, 110, pp 101-111 FIELD (2012), Protecting the marine environment in areas beyond national jurisdiction [Online] FIELD, Available from https://www.lighthouse-foundation.org/fileadmin/LHF/PDF/field_mpas_guide_april_2012.pdf. [Accessed 23/01.17] Reasearchgate.net (2008), Threats to marine environment: pollution and physical damage [Online] Researchgate.net, Available from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226028160_Threats_to_the_Marine_Environment_Pollution_and_Physical_Damage. [Accessed 23/01/17] Royal British academy (2005), The intertidal ecosystem: the value of Irelands shores, Dublin: Royal British academy. Huete-Preze J Quezada F (2013), Genomics approaches in marine biodiversity and aquaculture, Biological research, 46(4). Carugati L et al 2015, Metagenetic tools for the census of marine meiofaunal biodiversity: an overview, Marine genomics, 24(1), pp 11-20. Mayekar T n.d., Marine biotechnology: bioactive natural products and their applications [Online],Available from https://www.aquafind.com/articles/Marine-Biotechnology.php. [Accessed 23/01/17]

Talent Management at Norvatis

Section One: Summary of the Case Study Norvatis is a pharmaceutical company that came into existence in the late 1990’s. The company has made tremendous success in terms of increasing its global presence and increasing its profit margins. The company’s CEO, Daniel Vasella grapples with the idea of coming up with an elaborate system of performance appraisal and worker’s motivation.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Talent Management at Norvatis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apparently, Norvatis has an organizational culture that supports hiring senior management executives outside the company’s human resource department. As such, Vasella articulates that there is the need for the company to identify employees and train them within the context of organization to enhance their managerial skills. Although the CEO asserts that 78% of senior managers have ascended through the ranks of the company, Norvatis experiences a challenge regarding ‘pay for performance’ and other ways of motivating the employees. This implies a global talent management system. At the outset, it is important to appreciate the role of any global talent management system. According to the CEO, the company’s ability to develop leadership skills among its employees is a critical objective of global management system. In fact, he asserts that the manager ought to establish an organizational culture by allowing the senior managers to have vast experience in the organization. He asserts that the process of hiring managers outside the organization is expensive and it discourages a consistent organizational culture within the company. The CEO is also wary of the fact that the trained managers would need to reach to their places of work before other companies hire them and as such, it will become an expensive venture for Norvatis. To avoid such an occurrence, it is important for the company to provide motivation for the employees. Indeed, he appreciates that money did not motivate the employees to the level that is necessary to retain them. He says that many employees do not work for money but instead seek to be a part of the company’s success. To that end, the performance management system at Norvatis ought to reflect the organization’s values and incline the employees towards increased chances for success. Initially, Norvatis had a performance management system that it used to rate its employees in order to have a performance based method of motivation and compensation.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company also insisted on the need to have a uniform standard of measuring performance across the world. Guided by such values as innovation and creativity, the company’s ratings would receive their respective performance ratings across the globe (Goldsmith Carter, 2009). It is important to notice that the initial system of rating the employees suffered a lot of criticism owing to its inability to indicate employees’ performance precisely. Hence, performance management system ought to comprehend various aspects. Norvatis encourages a distinction of the performance by different employees. It is apparently difficult to use a rating system that does not only fail to distinguish talents in the organization but also unable to understand the raters’ discernment. In addition, Norvatis contends with an increased urge to enhance the uniformity of its global talent and performance management. Using online surveys, the research results indicated that the company had been able to implement a largely uniform system in 90% of its outlets. Norvatis’ operating and financial results that had been exceptional in majority of the outlets could have been influenced the uniformity. Norvatis also att empts to match its ‘pay to performance’. To achieve this objective, the employees could have interpersonal appraisals with the manager to reveal the factors enhanced or impeded achievement of goals they set priory. The manner the discussions end influences the compensation a significant way. It was necessary to come up with a uniform system that would strike a balance and match the compensation criteria in the company. The current system created unprecedented disparities to level that some of the employees received even two folds of their base salaries as opposed to others who do not manage to get a bonus due to poor performance (Goldsmith Carter, 2009). This would ultimately result to imbalanced levels of employee’s work commitment and job satisfaction. This could affect Norvatis in a huge way. Moreover, the aspect of cultural differences in various global outlets had presented a big challenge for the company. In particular, in Asian countries where Confucian i deas are prevalent, the performance rating systems were also different from the rest of the mechanisms in comprehending the ratings accruing each of the employees. Above that, it is apparent that different employees have demanded equivalent pay for similar jobs making it even difficult for the ‘pay for performance’ system to penetrate the rigid culture.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Talent Management at Norvatis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To achieve the goal of ensuring that senior managers have worked for the company previously, the company designed a training program targeting potential occupants of managerial positions in the upcoming future. The employees would receive training on issues surrounding strategic planning and management of improved performance among many other programs that typified the training. The main objective of the training was to enhance a systematic and a gradu al process through which management skills will emerge at an early stage. Nevertheless, some ongoing costs sought to question the company’s ability to increase the profit margin. This was despite the company’s successful implementation of its performance management system. Norvatis has embarked on a program that seeks to source global talent. The company has opened different talent firms in many of its outlets. It introduced a program named international assignees in which employees in different locations could switch their operations and move to other countries that Norvatis held. Nevertheless, there was huge challenge especially in ensuring that the salaries for the international assignees were uniform notwithstanding the country that the assignees would work. Initially, the company realized that the program cost was almost twice in the labors costs and particularly, salaries and wages. The rationale was that it was ethical for the company to facilitate the employees ’ ability to sustain their households located in their home countries while at the same time ensuring that they were able to transit to the new countries with ease. Norvatis found an opportunity to expand its operations to China. Having been able to establish elaborate research and development (RD) in various countries, it intended to make research a priority especially when operating in the Chinese market. Luckily, research had revealed a gap in the provision of pharmaceuticals that would facilitate the fight against diseases that are prevalent in the country. The company identified cancer caused by infections as a starting point for its aggressive strategy. Besides, it controlled a substantial competitive edge in that, a huge Chinese population preferred foreign health care providers to locally established pharmaceuticals. Norvatis invested handsomely but various factors presented a challenge to its ambitions. From the onset, the costs associated with labor began to increas e in an unforeseen way. In addition, the costs could increase exponentially if the company were to employ more number of native populations. This is because the Chinese labor market is typical of young and talented laborers who possess little experience especially that which relates to multinationals. As such, the company would incur increased costs of the imminent training and on-job development.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Strategies to counter the challenges involved being able to benefit from undervalued labor in China and relocating the company’s operation to rural areas where the costs of labor would ultimately be the lowest (Goldsmith Carter, 2009). Labor market saturation in China has deemed some graduates to opt for informal jobs. Norvatis could also aim at unifying the labor costs with the labor compensation of other countries. That was not all, the CEO highlights that the company also pointed some strategic concerns about ways to improve the transformative change that he had implemented. Section 2 Universal systems of motivation Apparently, Novartis makes an important decision that regard to having a uniform or universal system to motivate its employees. The company has enhanced its ability to make significant profits margins that has enabled it to operate in different countries across the globe. To that end, the company would require uniform talent and universal performance measureme nt strategy has been used to enhance other appraisals. Using a universal method to motivate employees is a common aspect of multinationals. While many analysts articulate that the process of motivating employees ought to take different aspects, there are advantages that make a universal system of motivation to be reasonable (Friedman, 2005). Scullion Collings (2010) explicate that the system enhances an organizational culture within a company. While many companies are typical of fragmented systems of motivation, a universal system of motivation is an important tool through which the organization’s culture develops. With a functional organizational culture, it is critical to notice that the employees can learn the values of the organization in the context of the motivation system making it to embrace change, which is unending process in all business environments (Monahan, 2000). Besides, universal system of motivation enhances job satisfaction owing to the need for the employ ees to identify with people that work in similar capacities. It is clear that Norvatis noticed that employees felt a sense of inequality when some of them earned high salaries notwithstanding the same jobs that they hold. Friedman (2005) says that it is vital for multinationals to consider the negative factors that might accompany the universal system of motivating employees. First, a multinational ought to consider that cultural difference may present a challenge when assuming such an approach of compensation. This is in appreciation of the fact that various employees draw motivation from different sources as opposed to one standardized system. For instance, employees in Asian countries value non-tangible sources of motivation such as respect, which makes the Asians to standout from the rest of global talents that value conventional resources of motivation (Scullion Collings, 2010). Further, it is important to realize that different employees have different skills, which cannot el icit equal motivation in the workforce. Performance Measurement Systems Currently, Norvatis has been able to achieve success especially in performance measurement systems but to a relatively low extent. The main challenge that has typified the company’s systems of appraising performance includes the inability to have an accurate assessment of employees. Friedman (2005) asserts that the rationale is that the current system is prone to manipulation by the managers who may not have the best intentions of some employees. As such, the current tool may suffer from inaccuracies and inability to provide precise and reliable results. Another challenge that has been clear is inability of the system to give the right meaning of the quantitative rating systems. The ratings range from one to three with the lowest implying diminished productivity and it receives one. Even though the rating system may seem fair, it is important to recognize that a rating of two does not imply that the emplo yee is above average in productivity (Scullion Collings, 2010). Norvatis should continue encouraging the use of normal/bell distribution. The rationale is that the tool has facilitated the ability of the managers to distinguish the performance of different employees. In other words, it encourages the managers to be honest when identifying and differentiating talents of all the employees. Although the tool is largely unpopular among many multinationals, it also encourages the culture of honesty to prevail in an organization (Monahan, 2000). While the top performers may be motivated to seek adventurous and potentially beneficial innovations, it is the role of human resource department at Norvatis to encourage them and engage the rest in team working. This will ultimately motivate all the employees. Global Talent challenges in China Norvatis faces uphill task in China especially in meeting its seemingly uncontrollable turnover. Apparently, the cost for doing business in the country ha s soared in an unsurpassed way. Norvatis should be able to ensure that production of the drugs is cost-efficient by adopting the appropriate cost analysis tool and equally appropriate decision-making tool. While we consider that the company has found over 1500 exotic elements that could act as the raw materials for the business, it is essential to realize that the company has saved such direct costs as shipping costs and inflationary pressures that could result from high costs of raw materials. According to Scullion Collings (2010), making the decision should entail appropriate strategies and enhancing the efficiency of the laborers. As such, the international assignee program should enhance outsourcing of labor from other Asian countries that may be experiencing surpluses in their markets. Besides, it is important to enhance operations in China by training the newly hired employees to enhance roles break down and specialization (Swanson, 2005). Specialization of the employees will enhance their efficiency while performing their duties leading to time saving. Swanson (2005) explains that the training ought to offer specific training to the different employees and assist the managers to understand the specific talents that the company possesses. Finally, it is imperative to embark on a project that would identify early talents and facilitate their integration of talents to the Norvatis’ organizational structures. Conclusion In sum, Norvatis is multinational Swiss company operating in over 140 countries in the world. The company considers improving its performance measurement systems, as they are tools for appraising performance and revealing the type of talents that the company possesses. Although the company has been outstanding in increased revenues and other aspects like the organizational culture, it faces a huge business challenge especially when operating in China. The reason is the ever-increasing labor costs of operating in the country. Referenc es Friedman, T. (2005). The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century. New York: Straus Giroux Press. Goldsmith, M. Carter, L. (2009). Best Practices in Talent Management. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Publisher. Monahan, G. (2000). Management Decision Making. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Scullion, H. Collings, D. (2010). Global Talent Management. Irwin, New York: McGraw Publishers. Swanson, K. (2005). Coping with China’s Talent Shortage. New York: Norton Publishers. This case study on Talent Management at Norvatis was written and submitted by user Iker Klein to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.